1915: World War One's Year of Poison Gas, Genocide, and Millions of Refugees

1915: World War One's Year of Poison Gas, Genocide, and Millions of Refugees

In 1915, the Central Powers and Allies dug in their heels and tried desperately to break the stalemate of the war, still hoping for a short conflict on the scale of a few months. Poison gas was used for the first time. Germans experimented with flamethrowers and armored shields, while the French began using hand grenades. In April, Germans began the Second Battle of Ypres and used 168 tons of chlorine gas. On the Eastern Front, Austria launched three offensives against Russian forces in the Carpathians. All three failed miserably. As many as 100,000 Austrian soldiers froze to death. Further north, Russian forces began to retreat from Warsaw and Riga. In Poland, Russian forces adopted a “scorched earth policy.” They forced Poles and other residents of Poland and western Russia to burn their crops and abandon their homes. This created millions of refugees. In December, the remains of the Serbian Army, along with several hundred thousand civilians, fled through the freezing mountains of Montenegro and Albania to the coast. 200,000 died along the way (out of 700,000 initially). Finally, the Ottomans began the forced deportation of Armenians to Syria, which was actually a death march. It became known as the Armenian Genocide in which 1.5 million were slaughtered.

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Episoder(1075)

The Body Worth Stealing: Why Medieval Cities Fought Over Francis of Assisi’s Corpse

The Body Worth Stealing: Why Medieval Cities Fought Over Francis of Assisi’s Corpse

When St. Francis of Assisi was near death in 1226, he joked with companions that his corpse would be practically as valuable as gold. And he was right: In medieval Europe, relics, or the physical rema...

9 Apr 38min

The Alphabet as Artifact: How Egyptian Pictograms Became Your ABCs

The Alphabet as Artifact: How Egyptian Pictograms Became Your ABCs

The alphabet you're reading right now is a 3,800-year-old archaeological artifact, preserving ancient decisions in plain sight—from the upside-down ox head that became the letter A to the demotion of ...

7 Apr 57min

Greenland is Nothing: American Nearly Acquired El Salvador, Canada, and the Kamchatka Peninsula

Greenland is Nothing: American Nearly Acquired El Salvador, Canada, and the Kamchatka Peninsula

America’s desire to expand its borders has existed since its first colonies – from attempts to settle beyond the Appalachian Mountains in the 18th century to Manifest Destiny in the 19th century down ...

2 Apr 43min

From Big Village to Global Power: The Thousand-Year Rise of Moscow, Russia's Fortress Capital

From Big Village to Global Power: The Thousand-Year Rise of Moscow, Russia's Fortress Capital

When St. Petersburg nobility mockingly called Moscow a "big village," in the 19th century – a time when they lived in all the excess found in a Tolstoy novel -- they couldn't have imagined the provinc...

31 Mar 56min

American Civilians Caught Behind Enemy Lines After Pearl Harbor, and How They Were Repatriated

American Civilians Caught Behind Enemy Lines After Pearl Harbor, and How They Were Repatriated

In the wake of Pearl Harbor, more than ten thousand Americans living abroad became trapped in Japanese-controlled territories, and with rumors of ill treatment and torture, the U.S. State Department w...

26 Mar 47min

Washington's Crossing from the Other Side: Three Hessian Soldiers' Stories of Defeat and Capture at the Battle of Trenton

Washington's Crossing from the Other Side: Three Hessian Soldiers' Stories of Defeat and Capture at the Battle of Trenton

Emanuel Leutze's iconic painting Washington Crossing the Delaware shows the general standing heroically at the bow of his boat, staring toward an unseen enemy across the icy river. But who were those ...

24 Mar 46min

From Bronze to Blood: How the Sword Became Humanity's First Murder Weapon

From Bronze to Blood: How the Sword Became Humanity's First Murder Weapon

For nearly two thousand years, swords reigned as humanity's weapon of choice—the first tools designed exclusively to kill other humans rather than hunt animals. When archaeologist Paul Gething redisco...

19 Mar 47min

Scientists Who Were Ridiculed, Exiled, and Imprisoned for Being Right

Scientists Who Were Ridiculed, Exiled, and Imprisoned for Being Right

Science progresses through breakthrough discoveries, but behind many of the field's greatest advancements lies a darker history of scientific dysfunction—hostile competition, information hoarding, and...

17 Mar 47min

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