Cristos Goodrow: YouTube Algorithm
Lex Fridman Podcast25 Tammi 2020

Cristos Goodrow: YouTube Algorithm

Cristos Goodrow is VP of Engineering at Google and head of Search and Discovery at YouTube (aka YouTube Algorithm).

This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon.

This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (App Store, Google Play), use code “LexPodcast”.

Here’s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.

00:00 – Introduction
03:26 – Life-long trajectory through YouTube
07:30 – Discovering new ideas on YouTube
13:33 – Managing healthy conversation
23:02 – YouTube Algorithm
38:00 – Analyzing the content of video itself
44:38 – Clickbait thumbnails and titles
47:50 – Feeling like I’m helping the YouTube algorithm get smarter
50:14 – Personalization
51:44 – What does success look like for the algorithm?
54:32 – Effect of YouTube on society
57:24 – Creators
59:33 – Burnout
1:03:27 – YouTube algorithm: heuristics, machine learning, human behavior
1:08:36 – How to make a viral video?
1:10:27 – Veritasium: Why Are 96,000,000 Black Balls on This Reservoir?
1:13:20 – Making clips from long-form podcasts
1:18:07 – Moment-by-moment signal of viewer interest
1:20:04 – Why is video understanding such a difficult AI problem?
1:21:54 – Self-supervised learning on video
1:25:44 – What does YouTube look like 10, 20, 30 years from now?

Jaksot(488)

#223 – Travis Stevens: Judo, Olympics, and Mental Toughness

#223 – Travis Stevens: Judo, Olympics, and Mental Toughness

Travis Stevens is the 2016 Olympic Judo silver medalist and BJJ black belt. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Justworks: https://justworks.com – Indeed: https://indeed.com/lex to get $75 credit – MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex to get 15% off – Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex and use code LEX to get special savings EPISODE LINKS: Travis’s Website: https://www.travisstevensgrappling.com/ Travis’s Twitter: https://twitter.com/judosilencer Travis’s Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/TravisStevensgrappling Travis’s Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/judosilencer PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (10:08) – What is Judo? (17:55) – Travis’s signature throw (23:20) – Fundamentals (25:12) – Throws (38:04) – Gripping (46:37) – Weight cutting (1:15:50) – Injuries (1:19:50) – Jiu-Jitsu (1:23:33) – Lex on his judo competition experience (1:26:58) – Levels of mastery (1:40:09) – Matches (1:54:10) – Travis inspired Lex to practice judo (2:00:24) – London 2012 Olympic games (2:42:01) – 2016 Olympic games (3:16:24) – Mixed team competition (3:23:50) – The value of epic throws (3:27:17) – Shohei Ono (3:33:39) – Chess (3:38:42) – The coach (3:45:18) – Advice for young people

21 Syys 20210s

#222 – Jay McClelland: Neural Networks and the Emergence of Cognition

#222 – Jay McClelland: Neural Networks and the Emergence of Cognition

Jay McClelland is a cognitive scientist at Stanford. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Paperspace: https://gradient.run/lex to get $15 credit – Skiff: https://skiff.org/lex to get early access – Uprising Food: https://uprisingfood.com/lex to get $10 off 1st starter bundle – Four Sigmatic: https://foursigmatic.com/lex and use code LexPod to get up to 60% off – Onnit: https://lexfridman.com/onnit to get up to 10% off EPISODE LINKS: Jay’s Website: https://stanford.edu/~jlmcc/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (07:12) – Beauty in neural networks (11:31) – Darwin and evolution (17:16) – The origin of intelligence (23:58) – Explorations in cognition (30:02) – Learning representations by back-propagating errors (36:27) – Dave Rumelhart and cognitive modeling (49:30) – Connectionism (1:12:23) – Geoffrey Hinton (1:14:19) – Learning in a neural network (1:31:11) – Mathematics & reality (1:38:19) – Modeling intelligence (1:48:57) – Noam Chomsky and linguistic cognition (2:03:18) – Advice for young people (2:14:26) – Psychiatry and exploring the mind (2:27:04) – Legacy (2:32:53) – Meaning of life

20 Syys 20210s

#221 – Douglas Lenat: Cyc and the Quest to Solve Common Sense Reasoning in AI

#221 – Douglas Lenat: Cyc and the Quest to Solve Common Sense Reasoning in AI

Douglas Lenat is the founder of Cyc, a 37 year project aiming to solve common-sense knowledge and reasoning in AI. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Squarespace: https://lexfridman.com/squarespace and use code LEX to get 10% off – BiOptimizers: http://www.magbreakthrough.com/lex to get 10% off – Stamps.com: https://stamps.com and use code LEX to get free postage & scale – LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack – ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod and use code LexPod to get 3 months free EPISODE LINKS: Douglas’s Twitter: https://twitter.com/cycorpai Cyc’s Website: https://cyc.com PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (07:39) – What is Cyc? (15:45) – How to form a knowledge base of the universe (26:11) – How to train an AI knowledge base (30:32) – Global consistency versus local consistency (54:53) – Automated reasoning (1:00:33) – Direct uses of AI and machine learning (1:13:11) – The semantic web (1:23:44) – Tools to help Cyc interpret data (1:32:54) – The most beautiful idea about Cyc (1:38:53) – Love and consciousness in AI (1:45:52) – The greatness of Marvin Minsky (1:50:46) – Is Cyc just a beautiful dream? (1:55:31) – What is OpenCyc and how was it born? (2:01:21) – The open source community and OpenCyc (2:11:48) – The inference problem (2:13:31) – Cyc’s programming language (2:21:05) – Ontological engineering (2:28:30) – Do machines think? (2:37:15) – Death and consciousness (2:47:16) – What would you say to AI? (2:51:52) – Advice to young people (2:53:48) – Mortality

15 Syys 20210s

#220 – Niels Jorgensen: New York Firefighters and the Heroes of 9/11

#220 – Niels Jorgensen: New York Firefighters and the Heroes of 9/11

Niels Jorgensen is a former New York firefighter for over 21 years, who was there at Ground Zero on September 11th, 2001. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – ROKA: https://roka.com/ and use code LEX to get 20% off your first order – MUD\WTR: https://mudwtr.com/lex and use code LEX to get 5% off – Magic Spoon: https://magicspoon.com/lex and use code LEX to get $5 off – Blinkist: https://blinkist.com/lex and use code LEX to get 25% off premium EPISODE LINKS: Niels’s 20 for 20 Podcast: https://ironlightlabs.org/20-for-20/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (08:52) – September 11, 2001 (36:48) – Falling man (40:58) – Ground Zero (47:17) – 20 for 20 (50:27) – What it means to be a great firefighter (53:11) – Why did you become a firefighter? (55:00) – Tally Ho (57:46) – New view of the world (1:05:16) – Empathy (1:09:49) – Leukemia (1:25:18) – New York City (1:31:28) – John Feal (1:44:57) – Conspiracy theories (1:53:45) – Faith (1:55:44) – Modern communication (2:00:11) – Hand written letters (2:14:02) – Love (2:25:45) – War in Afghanistan (2:37:24) – Brave stories from 9/11

11 Syys 20212h 49min

#219 – Donald Knuth: Programming, Algorithms, Hard Problems & the Game of Life

#219 – Donald Knuth: Programming, Algorithms, Hard Problems & the Game of Life

Donald Knuth is a computer scientist, Turing Award winner, father of algorithm analysis, author of The Art of Computer Programming, and creator of TeX. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Coinbase: https://coinbase.com/lex to get $5 in free Bitcoin – InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex and use code Lex25 to get 25% off – NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour – ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod and use code LexPod to get 3 months free – BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off EPISODE LINKS: Donald’s Stanford Page: https://profiles.stanford.edu/donald-knuth Donald’s Books: https://amzn.to/3heyBsC PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (07:02) – First programs (30:26) – Literate programming (33:35) – Beauty in programming (39:30) – OpenAI (48:41) – Optimization (54:46) – Consciousness (1:03:29) – Conway’s game of life (1:16:16) – Stable marriage (1:19:35) – Richard Feynman (1:30:29) – Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm (1:40:02) – Hardest problem (1:57:41) – Open source (2:02:54) – Favorite symbols (2:12:27) – Productivity (2:20:08) – Meaning of life

9 Syys 20212h 27min

#218 – Jaron Lanier: Virtual Reality, Social Media & the Future of Humans and AI

#218 – Jaron Lanier: Virtual Reality, Social Media & the Future of Humans and AI

Jaron Lanier is a computer scientist, composer, artist, author, and founder of the field of virtual reality. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Skiff: https://skiff.org/lex to get early access – Novo: https://banknovo.com/lex – Onnit: https://lexfridman.com/onnit to get up to 10% off – Indeed: https://indeed.com/lex to get $75 credit – Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex and use code LEX to get special savings EPISODE LINKS: Jaron’s Website: http://www.jaronlanier.com/ Jaron’s Books: https://amzn.to/3tlhl9T PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (08:04) – What is reality? (12:17) – Turing machines (13:35) – Simulating our universe (19:49) – Video games and other immersive experiences (23:37) – Death and consciousness (32:08) – Designing human-centric AI (33:42) – Empathy with robots (37:33) – Social media incentives (49:53) – Data dignity (57:26) – Jack Dorsey and Twitter (1:09:10) – Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies (1:13:51) – Government overreach and freedom (1:24:06) – GitHub and TikTok (1:26:16) – The Autodidactic Universe (1:31:07) – Humans and the mystery of music (1:37:17) – Defining moments (1:48:03) – Mortality (1:49:56) – The meaning of life

6 Syys 20211h 58min

#217 – Rodney Brooks: Robotics

#217 – Rodney Brooks: Robotics

Rodney Brooks is a roboticist, former head of CSAIL at MIT, and co-founder of iRobot, Rethink Robotics, and Robust.AI. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Paperspace: https://gradient.run/lex to get $15 credit – GiveDirectly: https://givedirectly.org/lex to get gift matched up to $300 – BiOptimizers: http://www.magbreakthrough.com/lex to get 10% off – Four Sigmatic: https://foursigmatic.com/lex and use code LexPod to get up to 60% off – SimpliSafe: https://simplisafe.com/lex and use code LEX to get a free security camera EPISODE LINKS: Rodney’s Twitter: https://twitter.com/rodneyabrooks Rodney’s Blog: http://rodneybrooks.com/blog/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (07:33) – First robots (28:58) – Brains and computers (1:01:47) – Self-driving cars (1:21:57) – Believing in the impossible (1:32:47) – Predictions (1:43:49) – iRobot (2:11:11) – Sharing an office with AI experts (2:23:21) – Advice for young people (2:27:07) – Meaning of life

3 Syys 20212h 30min

#216 – Vincent Racaniello: Viruses and Vaccines

#216 – Vincent Racaniello: Viruses and Vaccines

Vincent Racaniello is a virologist, immunologist, and microbiologist at Columbia. He is a co-author of the textbook Principles of Virology and co-host of This Week in Virology podcast. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Privacy: https://privacy.com/lex to get $5 added to your account – Justworks: https://justworks.com – Sun Basket: https://sunbasket.com/lex and use code LEX to get $35 off – The Information: https://theinformation.com/lex to get 75% off first month – Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex and use code LEX to get 1 month of fish oil EPISODE LINKS: Vincent’s Twitter: https://twitter.com/profvrr Vincent’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/vincentracaniello Vincent’s Podcast: https://www.microbe.tv/ Vincent’s Website: http://www.virology.ws/ Vincent’s Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/profvrr PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (10:24) – Microbiology by numbers (15:47) – From bacteria to an organism (23:46) – AlphaFold 2 (27:44) – Simulating an evolutionary arms race (53:11) – The most terrifying virus (1:14:54) – SARS-CoV-2 (1:29:38) – Coronaviruses and Influenza. What’s the difference? (1:35:45) – Vaccines (1:41:43) – Lex on his reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine shot (1:47:39) – Modern vaccines (1:52:39) – How does mRNA vaccine work? (1:55:26) – Are mRNA vaccines safe? (2:21:52) – Lex on trust in authority (2:36:59) – Ivermectin (2:43:39) – Hydroxychloroquine (2:48:22) – Variants and mutations (2:55:20) – Testing (3:03:27) – How does COVID-19 spread? (3:06:37) – Masks (3:15:05) – Bret Weinstein vs Sam Harris (3:18:39) – This Week in Virology (3:28:19) – Advice for young people (3:30:42) – Meaning of life

1 Syys 20213h 35min

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