Real Roman History27 Maalis

Episode 16. Hamilcar Barca and the Spanish Empire

Works Cited Primary Sources

Livy. Ab Urbe Condita, Book 21. The Roman account of Hannibal’s rise and the war’s outbreak. Vivid, often beautiful, and not always reliable; Polybius is the corrective.
Polybius. Histories, Books 1 and 3. For the Truceless War and the causes of the Second Punic War respectively. Available via the Perseus Digital Library.

Secondary Sources

Hoyos, Dexter. Truceless War: Carthage’s Fight for Survival, 241 to 237 BC. 2007. The fullest modern account of the mercenary revolt.
Hoyos, Dexter. Hannibal’s Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC. 2003. Essential for the Barcid political context.
Hoyos, Dexter. Hannibal: Rome’s Greatest Enemy. 2008. Takes a careful line on whether the oath happened and what it means.
MacDonald, Eve. Hannibal: A Hellenistic Life. 2015. Places the Barcids in the Hellenistic context rather than reading them as proto-Romans; the best recent treatment of Hannibal as a product of the Hellenistic world.
Miles, Richard. Carthage Must Be Destroyed. 2010. Good on the Barcid project from the Carthaginian perspective.

Note on the Oath

The oath story comes from Polybius, who reports that Hannibal told it at the court of Antiochus III. Livy’s version is more dramatic and shifts the emphasis from political commitment to personal hatred. The modern scholarly discussion of what the oath means and whether it happened is summarized in Hoyos’s Hannibal: Rome’s Greatest Enemy (2008).

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Episode 77. The Origins of Christianity

Works Cited Primary Sources The book of Acts. Composed approximately 80 to 90 CE by the same author as the Gospel of Luke. The principal narrative source for the early Christian community in Jerusalem...

14 Elo 52min

Episode 76. Roman Judaea: From the Covenant to Direct Rule

Works Cited Primary Sources The Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh). The principal source for the pre-Hellenistic period of the Jewish religious tradition. The five books of Torah preserve the foundational mate...

14 Elo 49min

Episode 75. Nero, Part Two: From the Matricide to the Great Fire

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 62. Greek-language narrative covering this period. Hostile, late, dependent on earlier sources we cannot fully reconstruct. Useful as a che...

14 Elo 35min

Episode 74. Boudicca and the British Revolt

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The destruction layers at the three burned cities—Camulodunum, Londinium, and Verulamium—constitute the most substantially preserved single-event archaeologica...

4 Elo 38min

Episode 73. Nero, Part One: The Quinquennium

Works Cited Primary Sources Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus, 5.2. The late-fourth-century source preserving the Trajanic remark about the quinquennium Neronis. The attribution is uncertain and modern s...

4 Elo 47min

Episode 72. Britain: The Province at the Edge of the World

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The body of archaeological evidence for the Roman conquest of Britain is substantial. The destruction layers at the hill forts of the West Country, including M...

4 Elo 30min

Episode 71. Claudius: The Emperor Behind the Curtain

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 60. The continuous Greek-language narrative for the full reign. Particularly important for the Britain campaign of 43 CE, where the Tacitea...

4 Elo 57min

Episode 70. Caligula: The Principate Without Restraint

Works CitedPrimary SourcesActa Arvalia for 37 to 41 CE. Fragmentary but informative for the public cult activities and the official framing of the reign.Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 59. The Greek-...

30 Heinä 50min