Episode 63. Livia, Part Two: Julia Augusta

Works CitedPrimary Sources

Calendar inscriptions and Acta Arvalia. The Fasti Verulani and Fasti Praenestini record her birthday and her death anniversary as public observances. The Acta Arvalia preserve the priestly vows for her health during the 22 CE illness and at other moments of crisis.
Cassius Dio. Roman History, Books 57 and 58. The continuous Greek-language narrative. Book 58.2 contains the obituary passage acknowledging Livia's restraining and humane influence.
Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre. The bronze decree of December 10, 20 CE, recording the Senate's verdict in the trial of Cn. Calpurnius Piso. A copy was found at Itálica in Spain in 1988 and published by Werner Eck, Antonio Caballos, and Fernando Fernández in 1996. The single most important documentary witness to Livia's named, formally acknowledged role in Tiberian decision-making.
Suetonius. Life of Caligula, chapters 7–10. Caligula's upbringing and the family context of the funeral oration in 29 CE.
Suetonius. Life of Claudius, chapters 1–3. Claudius's childhood under Livia's eye. Contains the letter between Augustus and Livia debating his fitness for public appearances.
Suetonius. Life of Tiberius, chapters 50–51. The central source for the mother-son deterioration. Chapter 50 catalogues Tiberius's specific evasions; chapter 51 closes with the death and his funeral absence.
Tacitus. Annals, 1.6–14, 3.17, 3.64, 4.16, 5.1–3. The continuous Tacitean account of Livia's widowhood. Hostile in framing throughout, but the indispensable narrative source. The death scene and obituary are at 5.1–3.

Secondary Sources

Barrett, Anthony A. Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome. Yale University Press, 2002. The essential modern treatment. The first biography to fully incorporate the Piso decree, and the reference for almost every reconstruction in this episode.
Damon, Cynthia, and Sarolta Takács, editors. The Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre: Text, Translation, Discussion. American Journal of Philology Special Issue, 1999. The most accessible English-language treatment of the decree.
Eck, Werner, Antonio Caballos, and Fernando Fernández. Das Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre. C. H. Beck, 1996. The foundational publication of the bronze decree. In German, but the Latin text and apparatus are usable for any reader.
Kleiner, Diana E. E. Cleopatra and Rome. Harvard University Press, 2005. Useful for the comparative framing of female political power in the late Republic and early empire.
Wood, Susan. Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 BC–AD 68. Brill, 1999. The coin portraits and sculptural representations that document Livia's continuing public presence through the Tiberian and post-Tiberian periods.

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Episode 77. The Origins of Christianity

Works Cited Primary Sources The book of Acts. Composed approximately 80 to 90 CE by the same author as the Gospel of Luke. The principal narrative source for the early Christian community in Jerusalem...

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Episode 76. Roman Judaea: From the Covenant to Direct Rule

Works Cited Primary Sources The Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh). The principal source for the pre-Hellenistic period of the Jewish religious tradition. The five books of Torah preserve the foundational mate...

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Episode 75. Nero, Part Two: From the Matricide to the Great Fire

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 62. Greek-language narrative covering this period. Hostile, late, dependent on earlier sources we cannot fully reconstruct. Useful as a che...

14 Elo 35min

Episode 74. Boudicca and the British Revolt

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The destruction layers at the three burned cities—Camulodunum, Londinium, and Verulamium—constitute the most substantially preserved single-event archaeologica...

4 Elo 38min

Episode 73. Nero, Part One: The Quinquennium

Works Cited Primary Sources Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus, 5.2. The late-fourth-century source preserving the Trajanic remark about the quinquennium Neronis. The attribution is uncertain and modern s...

4 Elo 47min

Episode 72. Britain: The Province at the Edge of the World

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The body of archaeological evidence for the Roman conquest of Britain is substantial. The destruction layers at the hill forts of the West Country, including M...

4 Elo 30min

Episode 71. Claudius: The Emperor Behind the Curtain

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 60. The continuous Greek-language narrative for the full reign. Particularly important for the Britain campaign of 43 CE, where the Tacitea...

4 Elo 57min

Episode 70. Caligula: The Principate Without Restraint

Works CitedPrimary SourcesActa Arvalia for 37 to 41 CE. Fragmentary but informative for the public cult activities and the official framing of the reign.Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 59. The Greek-...

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