Episode 66. Germanicus: The Prince Who Was Not Allowed to Win

Works CitedPrimary Sources

Cassius Dio. Roman History, Books 56 to 57. The continuous Greek-language narrative from 9 CE through 19 CE.
Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre. Already covered in Episodes 63 and 65. Referenced here for the political consequences of Germanicus's death but not re-analyzed.
Suetonius. Life of Caligula, chapters 1 to 7. The opening chapters of the Caligula biography are essentially a biography of Germanicus. Cover his career, character, family life, death, and the public mourning. Less analytically structured than Tacitus, but contains material Tacitus did not.
Tabula Hebana and Tabula Siarensis. Bronze copies of the senatorial decrees voted in honour of Germanicus after his death in 19 CE. The Tabula Siarensis was found near Seville in 1982 and gives us the most detailed surviving Senate decree from the imperial period. The official framing of the loss.
Tacitus. Annals, Books 1 to 3. Germanicus is the central figure of Books 1 to 2 and the opening chapters of Book 3. The German campaigns are at Annals 1.55 to 71 and 2.5 to 26. The eastern journey is at 2.53 to 68. The death scene is at 2.69 to 83—one of Tacitus's most sustained dramatic passages. The return of the ashes is at 3.1 to 7.

Secondary Sources

Barrett, Anthony A. Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire. Yale University Press, 1996. The standard modern treatment of Agrippina the Elder and Agrippina the Younger. Essential for Parts Six and Seven.
Eck, Werner, Antonio Caballos, and Fernando Fernández. Das Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre. C. H. Beck, 1996. The foundational publication of the Piso decree, relevant for the political aftermath.
Levick, Barbara. Tiberius the Politician. Revised edition, Routledge, 1999. The Germanicus material from Tiberius's perspective.
Powell, Lindsay. Germanicus: The Magnificent Life and Mysterious Death of Rome's Most Popular General. Pen and Sword Military, 2013. Recent military-focused biography. Most thorough modern treatment of the campaigns.

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Episode 77. The Origins of Christianity

Works Cited Primary Sources The book of Acts. Composed approximately 80 to 90 CE by the same author as the Gospel of Luke. The principal narrative source for the early Christian community in Jerusalem...

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Episode 76. Roman Judaea: From the Covenant to Direct Rule

Works Cited Primary Sources The Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh). The principal source for the pre-Hellenistic period of the Jewish religious tradition. The five books of Torah preserve the foundational mate...

14 Elo 49min

Episode 75. Nero, Part Two: From the Matricide to the Great Fire

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 62. Greek-language narrative covering this period. Hostile, late, dependent on earlier sources we cannot fully reconstruct. Useful as a che...

14 Elo 35min

Episode 74. Boudicca and the British Revolt

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The destruction layers at the three burned cities—Camulodunum, Londinium, and Verulamium—constitute the most substantially preserved single-event archaeologica...

4 Elo 38min

Episode 73. Nero, Part One: The Quinquennium

Works Cited Primary Sources Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus, 5.2. The late-fourth-century source preserving the Trajanic remark about the quinquennium Neronis. The attribution is uncertain and modern s...

4 Elo 47min

Episode 72. Britain: The Province at the Edge of the World

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The body of archaeological evidence for the Roman conquest of Britain is substantial. The destruction layers at the hill forts of the West Country, including M...

4 Elo 30min

Episode 71. Claudius: The Emperor Behind the Curtain

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 60. The continuous Greek-language narrative for the full reign. Particularly important for the Britain campaign of 43 CE, where the Tacitea...

4 Elo 57min

Episode 70. Caligula: The Principate Without Restraint

Works CitedPrimary SourcesActa Arvalia for 37 to 41 CE. Fragmentary but informative for the public cult activities and the official framing of the reign.Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 59. The Greek-...

30 Heinä 50min