Ep.08. The Clock That was Never There

Paper: Buzsáki, G. (2025). Time, space, memory and brain–body rhythms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 27, 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00987-2

Key concepts: Physical time (chronos), experienced time (kairos), Weber-Fechner law, logarithmic time organization, cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling, brain-body oscillation hierarchy, ripple oscillations, theta oscillations, ultraslow oscillations, interstitial cells of Cajal, insular cortex as timing hub, supplementary motor area (SMA), place cells, time cells, factorization framework (what-where-when), episodic memory, prospective and retrospective timing, scalar expectancy model, subjective time warping, dopamine and duration estimation, reader mechanism problem.

Further reading:

Buzsáki, G. (2006). Rhythms of the Brain. Oxford University Press.
Meissner, K., & Wittmann, M. (2011). Body signals, cardiac awareness, and the perception of time. Biological Psychology, 86, 289–297.
Engelen, T., Solcà, M., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2023). Interoceptive rhythms in the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 26, 1670–1684.

Cognitive observation: The next time time seems to stretch or compress, in a moment of fear, in deep concentration, in the strange compression of a memory from years ago, notice that what is changing is not the clock. The clock was never there. What is changing is the body’s rhythmic contribution to the brain’s metric of succession.

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