Jutland 1916: Unread Flag Signals, Exploding Battlecruisers and Room 40

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On 31 May 1916 some 250 warships and roughly 100,000 men of the British Grand Fleet and the German High Seas Fleet met in the North Sea off Jutland. Outnumbered 28 dreadnoughts to 16, German commander Reinhard Scheer planned to lure part of the British fleet into a trap. But British intelligence in Room 40, reading German signals with a codebook Russian divers had recovered from the wrecked cruiser Magdeburg, spotted the change in call signs, and Admiral John Jellicoe sailed on 30 May before the Germans left port.

In the opening run to the south, David Beatty's battlecruisers fought Franz Hipper's and the Fifth Battle Squadron missed his flag signals in the smoke. Indefatigable and Queen Mary blew up, prompting Beatty's remark that something seemed wrong with his ships. Jellicoe then deployed 24 dreadnoughts in a six-mile line and crossed Scheer's T twice; Scheer escaped behind a torpedo attack and the death ride of his battlecruisers. In the night the Germans slipped through the British rear while captains watched in silence. Britain lost more ships and over 6,000 men, but the German fleet never risked a major surface battle again.

German gunners used a fast ladder method of ranging while the British used a slower bracket system.
British crews left safety doors open between turrets and magazines to boost rate of fire, so flash fires reached the powder.
At Windy Corner the jammed rudder of Warspite sent her circling, drawing fire away from the crippled cruiser Warrior.
A duty officer at the Admiralty filed away the decrypted Horns Reef escape route instead of passing it to Jellicoe.
Confined to port, Germany turned to unrestricted submarine warfare, which helped bring the United States into the war.

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