Red Cliffs 208 AD: Cao Cao's Chained Fleet and Huang Gai's Fire Ships

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By 208 AD the Han dynasty was a shell, Emperor Xian was a puppet, and the northern warlord Cao Cao ruled as chancellor with the imperial seal behind every campaign. Jing Province surrendered without a fight, handing him a fleet, and he wrote to Sun Quan of 800,000 men ready to hunt in the south. Zhou Yu put the real figure nearer 230,000, many of them reluctant new levies and northerners sick on the river. Sun Quan cut a corner off his desk and swore any advocate of surrender would share its fate, then sent 30,000 men to join Liu Bei's 20,000.

After a first clash Cao Cao chained his ships together to stop the seasickness. Huang Gai sent a false letter of surrender, then sailed capital ships packed with reeds and oil across the Yangtze on a southeasterly wind the southerners knew the river could raise in winter. The chained fleet burned, Cao Cao retreated through the mud of the Huarong Road, and Liu Bei seized four commanderies south of the river. The battle fixed the north-south split of the Three Kingdoms, yet its site is still debated after more than 1,350 years.

Cao Cao later claimed disease alone made him burn his ships and denied Zhou Yu credit.
On the Huarong Road, sick soldiers laid bundles of grass in the mud so the cavalry could cross, and many were trampled.
Zhou Yu died of illness in 210 AD, weakening Sun Quan's hold on the recovered territory.
The poet Su Dongpo set the battle at Huangzhou on the north bank, a site historians reject.
Puqi, with Red Cliffs characters carved perhaps since the Tang, renamed itself Chibi City in 1998.

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