Alexander Nevsky at Lake Peipus 1242: The Ice That Never Broke
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Alexander Nevsky at Lake Peipus 1242: The Ice That Never Broke

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Alexander Yaroslavich, son of Grand Prince Yaroslav, served the merchant Republic of Novgorod as a hired prince whose position depended on its assembly, the veche. In July 1240 he caught a Swedish force by surprise where the Izhora meets the Neva, a fight over the Karelian fur trade and access to the Gulf of Finland, and the victory later earned him the name Nevsky in the 15th century. The Livonian Order and the Bishopric of Dorpat then took Pskov and Votian lands. Alexander retook them in 1241 and hanged Votian collaborators.

On April 5, 1242, at Lake Peipus, about 2,600 crusaders, including roughly 800 Danish and German knights and 1,000 Estonian infantry, charged in a wedge into Alexander's 5,000, mostly Novgorod militia. After two hours of slogging on slippery ice his cavalry wings enveloped them and they fled. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle says the dead fell on the grass. The drowning knights were invented for Sergei Eisenstein's 1938 film Alexander Nevsky, made as Stalin braced for war with Germany.

  • The Russian Orthodox Church canonized Alexander in 1547, the year Ivan the Terrible was crowned tsar.
  • Eisenstein dressed the Teutonic Knights in helmets resembling the German Stahlhelm.
  • Alexander's brother Andrei's troops fought alongside his druzhina on the ice.
  • The Soviet Union created the Order of Alexander Nevsky in 1942, 700 years after the battle.
  • The battle's anniversary remains one of Russia's days of military honor.

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