Fourth Crusade 1204: Venetian Debt and the Sack of Constantinople

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The four bronze horses on St. Mark's Basilica in Venice were taken from Constantinople in April 1204. The Fourth Crusade contracted Venice to build a fleet, but only a fraction of the army arrived and the crusaders, stranded on the Lido, could not pay the blind, elderly doge Enrico Dandolo. The exiled prince Alexios Angelos offered 200,000 silver marks, 10,000 soldiers and the submission of the Orthodox Church to Rome if they restored his deposed father, Isaac II. Despite Pope Innocent III's ban on attacking Christians, they sailed to Constantinople and in August 1203 crowned him Alexios IV.

The treasury was empty. Alexios IV seized property and melted church silver, riots followed, and after Isaac died the anti-Latin Alexios V had him strangled and refused to pay. The crusaders and Venetians signed a treaty to divide the empire. An assault on the sea walls on April 9 failed, but on April 12 a north wind brought the ships close enough for flying bridges to reach the towers. Three days of sack followed, with about 2,000 civilians killed and a Latin Empire set up under Baldwin of Flanders.

Simon de Montfort and a group of knights refused to attack a Christian city and left for the Holy Land on their own.
Crusaders melted down a colossal bronze Hercules by Lysippos to mint coins and stripped the altar of the Hagia Sophia.
Of about 900,000 marks in loot, some 500,000 never appeared in the official division.
Niketas Choniates watched peasants jeer at fleeing Byzantine nobles, not yet knowing how harsh Latin rule would be.
Pope John Paul II expressed sorrow for 1204 in 2001, and Patriarch Bartholomew I accepted in 2004.

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