Lepanto 1571: Galleasses, a Wind Shift and Janissaries Hurling Oranges

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On October 7, 1571, more than 400 oared warships met in the Gulf of Patras in the last great galley battle in Western history. The trigger was Cyprus: after Marco Antonio Bragadin surrendered Famagusta under promise of safe passage, Lala Mustafa Pasha, who had lost some 50,000 men and his own son in the siege, had him flayed alive. Pope Pius V answered by forming the Holy League, a quarrelsome alliance of Spain and Venice placed under John of Austria, the 24-year-old half-brother of Philip II.

John of Austria pushed six Venetian galleasses ahead of his line, and their all-around cannon fire broke up the Ottoman crescent before contact. A late wind shift blew gun smoke into the eyes of Ottoman composite bowmen facing Spanish tercios. Agostino Barbarigo died from an arrow to the eye, Ali Pasha was killed on the Sultana, and Uluç Ali drove through a gap left when Gian Andrea Doria's wing pulled south until Álvaro de Bazán's reserve closed it. Venice later made peace and surrendered Cyprus anyway.

Galleys mounted their heavy guns only at the bow, since broadside recoil would capsize the ship or smash its oars.
An estimated 37,000 to 41,000 enslaved oarsmen rowed the Ottoman fleet, and about 15,000 Christian rowers were freed after the battle.
Out of arrows and powder, Ottoman soldiers threw oranges and lemons at armored Spanish boarders.
Ottoman deaths ran from 20,000 to 40,000 in a fight of four or five hours, against about 7,500 to 10,000 on the Christian side.
Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha said losing the fleet was a shaved beard while losing Cyprus was a severed arm, yet the veteran sailors and archers proved irreplaceable.

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