Non-Aligned Movement: Bandung, Castro's Afghanistan Vote and Baghdad Bombed

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The Non-Aligned Movement counts 120 countries, nearly two-thirds of the United Nations and about 55 percent of the world's population. The term non-alignment surfaced at the UN around 1950, championed by India and Yugoslavia as they refused to be pulled into the alliances around the Korean War. In 1954 Jawaharlal Nehru and Zhou Enlai laid out the Panchsheel, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The 1955 Bandung Conference hosted by Sukarno, the 1956 Brioni Declaration of Tito, Nehru and Nasser, and the 1961 founding in Belgrade followed, with Nkrumah among the founding figures.

The movement's unity cracked repeatedly. Fidel Castro chaired the 1979 Havana summit, then three months later Cuba voted with the Soviet Union against the UN resolution condemning the invasion of Afghanistan, a member state, costing Cuba its leadership credibility. In 1982 Iran bombed a refinery in Baghdad to strip Saddam Hussein of the summit he was due to host. After the Cold War, Yugoslavia's membership was suspended and the bloc pivoted to North-South issues, development aid and UN Security Council reform.

Non-aligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstentions, to condemn the Soviets over Afghanistan.
In July 1982 two Iranian F-4 Phantoms struck the al-Dura refinery; one jet and its pilot were lost.
The seventh summit moved from Baghdad to New Delhi in 1983.
Chairs have ranged from Suharto and Tito to Nelson Mandela, Mohamed Morsi and Ernesto Samper.
The Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation in Jakarta has sent Indonesian agricultural experts to Myanmar.

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