Episode 915: Severe Burn Injuries

Contributor: Travis Barlock MD Educational Pearls: Meningitis retention syndrome is a relatively novel and rare clinical condition Aseptic meningitis + acute urinary retention One study reports an incidence of about 8% in patients with acute aseptic meningitis Clinical presentation Typical meningeal symptoms including fever, stiff neck, and headache Urinary retention occurs about one week after initial symptoms Potential pathophysiology Immune-mediated dysfunction of the central nervous system Detrusor muscle underactivity from inflammation of the spinal cord Management Supportive care Bladder decompression References Hiraga A, Kuwabara S. Meningitis-retention syndrome: Clinical features, frequency and prognosis. J Neurol Sci. 2018;390:261-264. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2018.05.008 Pellegrino F, Funiciello E, Pruccoli G, et al. Meningitis-retention syndrome: a review and update of an unrecognized clinical condition. Neurol Sci. 2023;44(6):1949-1957. doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06704-0 Summarized & Edited by Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Get your tickets to Tox Talks Event, Sept 11, 2025: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/events-2/ Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

8 Syys 20252min

Contributor: Alec Coston, MD Educational Pearls: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is defined as a disruption in brain function that results from impaired liver function or portosystemic shunting. Manifests as various neurologic and psychiatric symptoms such as confusion, inattention, and cognitive dysfunction Although ammonia levels have historically been recognized as important criteria for HE, the diagnosis is ultimately made clinically. An elevated ammonia level lacks sensitivity and specificity for HE Trends in ammonia levels do not correlate with disease improvement or resolution A 2020 study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology evaluated 551 patients diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy and treated with standard therapy Only 60% of patients had an elevated ammonia level, demonstrating the limitations of ammonia levels However, a normal ammonia level in a patient with concern for HE should raise suspicion for other pathology. In patients with cirrhosis presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms, consider HE as the diagnosis after excluding other potential causes of altered mental status (i.e., Seizure, infection, intracranial hemorrhage) The primary treatment is lactulose Works by acidifying the gastrointestinal tract. Ammonia (NH₃) is converted into ammonium (NH₄⁺), which is poorly absorbed and subsequently eliminated from the body Also exerts a laxative effect, further enhancing elimination References: Haj M, Rockey DC. Ammonia Levels Do Not Guide Clinical Management of Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy Caused by Cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 May;115(5):723-728. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000343. PMID: 31658104.\ Lee F, Frederick RT. Hepatic Encephalopathy-A Guide to Laboratory Testing. Clin Liver Dis. 2024 May;28(2):225-236. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2024.01.003. Epub 2024 Jan 30. PMID: 38548435. Vilstrup, Hendrik1; Amodio, Piero2; Bajaj, Jasmohan3,4; Cordoba, Juan1,5; Ferenci, Peter6; Mullen, Kevin D.7; Weissenborn, Karin8; Wong, Philip9. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study Of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology 60(2):p 715-735, August 2014. | DOI: 10.1002/hep.27210 Weissenborn K. Hepatic Encephalopathy: Definition, Clinical Grading and Diagnostic Principles. Drugs. 2019 Feb;79(Suppl 1):5-9. doi: 10.1007/s40265-018-1018-z. PMID: 30706420; PMCID: PMC6416238. Summarized by Ashley Lyons, OMS3 | Edited by Ashley Lyons & Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Get your tickets to Tox Talks Event, Sept 11, 2025: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/events-2/ Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

3 Syys 20253min

Contributor: Taylor Lynch, MD Educational Pearls: What is atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response (AFib with RVR) and how does it differ from atrial fibrillation (AFib)? AFib is an abnormal heart rhythm in which the heart has disorganized atrial electrical activity. This causes the atria to quiver with only select signals being conducted through the Atrioventricular (AV) Node to reach the ventricles and result in ventricular contraction. Often described as "irregularly irregular", a patient's EKG will present with no discernible P-waves, and irregular R-R intervals. AFib with RVR is distinguished from AFib when the patient's ventricular rate is greater than 100-110 beats per minute in AFib with RVR. What is the treatment for AFib with RVR? Diltiazem is considered one of the first line therapeutic agents in the treatment of AFib with RVR. Diltiazem inhibits L-Type calcium channels in the AV Node, reducing the amount of signals conducted to the ventricles, thus reducing the ventricular rate. Why pretreat patients receiving Diltiazem for AFib with RVR with calcium? While diltiazem inhibits cardiac calcium channels, it may also cause peripheral vasodilation, resulting in diltiazem-induced hypotension. A recent study found that this hypotension can be blunted by pretreating with 1-2g IV Calcium Chloride (IV Calcium Gluconate can be used in the ED). Calcium is thought to peripherally stabilize the vascular smooth muscle, preventing vasodilation without impacting the desired calcium channel blocker action at the AV node. Key takeaways? In combination with slower pushes of diltiazem for patients in AFib with RVR (AFib with ventricular rate >100-110 bpm) with borderline low blood pressures, 1-2 g of IV Calcium Gluconate can combat diltiazem induced hypotension peripherally without negating the cardiac effect of diltiazem to reduce the heart rate. References 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149(1):e1-e156. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193 Az A, Sogut O, Dogan Y, et al. Reducing diltiazem-related hypotension in atrial fibrillation: Role of pretreatment intravenous calcium. Am J Emerg Med. 2025;88:23-28. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2024.11.033 Summarized by Dan Orbidan, OMS2 | Edited by Dan Orbidan and Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Get your tickets to Tox Talks Event, Sept 11, 2025: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/events-2/ Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

25 Elo 20252min

Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Recorded March 2025 What is the best treatment for a fever? Tylenol? Ibuprofen? Combined? Alternating the two? The journal Pediatrics aimed to answer this question with a meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials including 5,009 febrile children. Results showed that both combined and alternating acetaminophen/ibuprofen regimens were significantly more effective at reducing fever at 4 and 6 hours compared with acetaminophen alone, with numbers needed to treat (NNT) of 3 and 4, respectively. High-dose ibuprofen alone also offered modest benefit (NNT 8). What dose should I use? Oral acetaminophen 10 to 15 mg/kg Every 4–6 hours as needed Do not exceed 75 mg/kg/day (or 4,000 mg/day maximum for older/larger kids) Oral ibuprofen 5 to 10 mg/kg Every 6–8 hours as needed Do not exceed 40 mg/kg/day (or 2,400 mg/day maximum for older/larger kids) References De la Cruz-Mena JE, Veroniki AA, Acosta-Reyes J, Estupiñán-Bohorquez A, Ibarra JA, Pana MC, Sierra JM, Florez ID. Short-term Dual Therapy or Mono Therapy With Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen for Fever: A Network Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics. 2024 Oct 1;154(4):e2023065390. doi: 10.1542/peds.2023-065390. PMID: 39318339. Summarized by Jeffrey Olson, MS4 | Edited by Jeffrey Olson and Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Get your tickets to Tox Talks Event, Sept 11, 2025: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/events-2/ Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

22 Elo 20252min

Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: There are many techniques for reducing a shoulder dislocation A recent study discussed a new variation of closed reduction technique: wrist-clamping shoulder-lifting The patient is in a sitting position The provider holds the wrist of the injured arm with both hands and slowly rotates the arm to 90 degrees of abduction and 60 degrees of external rotation After this traction, the arm is slowly moved to 45 degrees of abduction and 60 degrees of external rotation The provider then secures the patient's wrist between the provider's knees and places their hand on the axilla to gently lift the shoulder upward for successful reduction There were 36 patients with shoulder dislocations in this study, and all 36 dislocations were successfully reduced with this technique There were no neurovascular complications or fractures No sedation or medication was required All procedures were performed by a single provider without assistance References Dai W, Liu L, Zong S, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Li X. An original closed reduction technique for acute shoulder dislocation: the wrist-clamping and shoulder-lifting. Int J Emerg Med. 2025 Mar 26;18(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s12245-025-00866-8. PMID: 40140973; PMCID: PMC11948627. Summarized by Meg Joyce, MS2 | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

11 Elo 20252min

Contributor: Megan Hurley MD Educational Pearls: Acute toxicity of heavy metals: Gastrointestinal upset is the most common presentation Chronic toxicity of heavy metals: Symptoms depend on the metal ingested Increased risk of cancer Altered mentation Developmental delays (in children) Kidney failure Four heavy metals that are tested for in a general panel and their sources: Lead Old paint (homes built before 1977) or some older toys Pipes of older homes or those with corrosive agents May obtain testing kits from home improvement stores to test water supply Mercury Previously in thermometers, although much less common now Compact fluorescent lightbulbs, LCD screens, and some batteries Large predatory fish like tuna, swordfish, dolphins, and shark Arsenic sources Most commonly found in pesticides Contaminated groundwater (especially private wells) Cadmiun sources Most commonly found in tobacco smoke Batteries Metal plating and welding Additional heavy metals that require specific testing Chromium, Nickel, & Thallium Thallium is found in rodenticides, pesticides, and fireworks Management of heavy metal toxicity depends on the intoxicant Generally, chelation therapy is used for acute and severe cases Arsenic: dimercaprol or DMSA Mercury: DMPS (chronic or mild) or DMSA (severe) Lead: succimer is first line, followed by dimercaprol or EDTA References Baker BA, Cassano VA, Murray C; ACOEM Task Force on Arsenic Exposure. Arsenic Exposure, Assessment, Toxicity, Diagnosis, and Management: Guidance for Occupational and Environmental Physicians. J Occup Environ Med. 2018;60(12):e634-e639. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001485 Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M. Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:643972. Published 2021 Apr 13. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.643972 Kinally C, Fuller R, Larsen B, Hu H, Lanphear B. A review of lead exposure source attributional studies. Sci Total Environ. 2025;990:179838. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179838 Jannetto PJ, Cowl CT. Elementary Overview of Heavy Metals. Clin Chem. 2023;69(4):336-349. doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvad022 Järup L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull. 2003;68:167-182. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldg032 Zhang H, Reynolds M. Cadmium exposure in living organisms: A short review. Sci Total Environ. 2019;678:761-767. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.395 Summarized & Edited by Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

4 Elo 20252min

Contributor: Taylor Lynch, MD Educational Pearls: Dilutional Hyponatremia: Occurs when there is an excess of free water relative to sodium in the body. Causes a falsely low sodium concentration without a true change in total body sodium. Commonly seen in DKA: Hyperglycemia raises plasma osmolality. Water shifts from the intracellular to extracellular space. This dilutes serum sodium, creating apparent hyponatremia. Corrected sodium calculation: Use tools like MDCALC, or apply this formula: Add 1.6 mEq/L to the measured sodium for every 100 mg/dL increase in glucose above 100. Clinical relevance: Considering corrected sodium in DKA is crucial, as the lab value may not be reflective of actual sodium depletion. True severe hyponatremia can lead to complications like seizures May require treatment with hypertonic saline. References: Fulop M. Acid–base problems in diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med Sci. 2008;336(4):274-276. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318180f478 Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Electrolyte and Acid–Base Disturbances in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(6):548-559. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1503102 Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia: a review. JAMA. 2014;312(24):2640–2650. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13773 Summarized by Ashley Lyons, OMS3 | Edited by Ashley Lyons & Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

28 Heinä 20252min

Contributors: Col. (Dr.) Stacy Shackelford Dr. Sean Keenan Paramedic Alan Moreland Dr. Chris Tems Kara Napolitano From military-inspired trauma protocols to behavioral health alternatives and cardiac resuscitation, EMS is evolving fast. Our Medical Minutes from EMSAC highlight the growing need for prehospital providers to think critically, act quickly, and adapt to new approaches in trauma, crisis response, and patient advocacy. Educational Pearls: What was covered & recorded at EMSAC 2024 by EMM? Col. (Dr.) Stacy Shackelford, U.S. Air Force trauma surgeon and Director of the Joint Trauma System, emphasized the critical importance of early hemorrhage control and timely transfusions in prehospital trauma care. She highlighted military studies showing that interventions within 30 minutes can dramatically increase survival, underscoring the value of rapid response and frontline readiness. Dr. Sean Keenan, retired Army emergency physician and EMS doctor, introduced the concept of prolonged field care—managing critically injured patients in environments where evacuation is delayed. He discussed how this model, developed in the military, is now being taught to civilian EMS providers in rural areas. Paramedic Alan Moreland from Denver's STAR Program (Support Team Assisted Response) explained how alternative response teams, pairing paramedics with clinical social workers, are reshaping how we respond to behavioral health emergencies, reducing reliance on police or ambulance transport and focusing on trauma-informed care. Dr. Chris Tems, an emergency physician working with ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), shared data on using ECMO for refractory cardiac arrest. With a survival rate of 87.5% in select emergency department cases, he highlighted ECMO's growing role in cardiac resuscitation for patients not responding to CPR. Kara Napolitano, of the Laboratory to Combat Human Trafficking, outlined the role EMS plays in recognizing human trafficking. She offered key indicators to look for and encouraged providers to stay alert to the signs of exploitation, emphasizing EMS's role in early intervention. Recorded by: Steven Fujaros, Brian Parga, & Ahmed Abdel-Hafiz Summarized by: Steven Fujaros

26 Heinä 202511min