War, law and outer space: pathways to reduce the human cost of military space operations

War, law and outer space: pathways to reduce the human cost of military space operations

Despite the long-term desire of the international community to explore and use outer space for peaceful purposes, space systems have been employed for military purposes since the dawn of the space era. As the role of these systems in military operations during armed conflicts increases, so too does the likelihood of their being targeted, with significant risk of harm to civilians and civilian objects on earth and in space. This is because technology enabled by space systems permeates most aspects of civilian life, making the potential consequences of attacks on space systems a matter of humanitarian concern. In this post, ICRC Legal Adviser Wen Zhou launches a new series on war, law, and outer space, laying out the potential human cost on civilians of military space operations during armed conflicts, outlining the existing rules regulating and restricting such operations under international law – in particular, international humanitarian law (IHL) – and introducing recommended measures to minimize the risk of civilian harm posed by threats to space systems.

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Memorializing IHL violations in the age of AI: opportunities and risks for transitional justice

Memorializing IHL violations in the age of AI: opportunities and risks for transitional justice

Memorialization, one of the five pillars of transitional justice, plays a vital role in preserving the memory of international humanitarian law (IHL) violations and gross human rights violations, supp...

23 Heinä 17min

“A number that learned how not to scream”: the case for community-led metrics on protection

“A number that learned how not to scream”: the case for community-led metrics on protection

The international humanitarian system has built a sophisticated architecture for the protection of civilians, namely political resolutions, cluster coordination mechanisms, reporting frameworks, and a...

7 Heinä 15min

Amplifying Pacific voices: the region’s crucial role in advancing IHL

Amplifying Pacific voices: the region’s crucial role in advancing IHL

Pacific Island states have long demonstrated leadership in promoting peace, disarmament, and humanitarian values. From traditional customs that reflect principles contained in contemporary internation...

2 Heinä 15min

The shelter that shone in the distance | Written and Performed by Mamuch Bey

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For the world's more than 120 million forcibly displaced people, the idea of refuge is not an abstraction – it is a horizon, an act of imagination, and sometimes the only thing that keeps hope alive. ...

18 Kesä 4min

African traditions and the protection of children in armed conflict

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Across Africa, norms regulating the conduct of hostilities long predate the codification of modern international humanitarian law (IHL). The ICRC Tool on African traditions and the preservation of hum...

16 Kesä 12min

We helped individuals while harming persons: what conflict-affected communities deserve beyond beneficiary status

We helped individuals while harming persons: what conflict-affected communities deserve beyond beneficiary status

Conflict and displacement do more than destroy homes, livelihoods, and infrastructure. They also fracture the social relationships through which people sustain dignity, identity, and collective life. ...

11 Kesä 14min

Climate resilience is not optional: what people in fragile, urban settings should expect from WASH

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Climate change is intensifying water insecurity in fragile urban settings, where ageing infrastructure, rapid urbanization, and inequality already strain access to essential services. In Peshawar, Pak...

9 Kesä 18min

Life teaches before school does: the invisible curriculum of the super child

Life teaches before school does: the invisible curriculum of the super child

Refugee education is often framed in terms of access, infrastructure, and policy – but for children who grow up inside camps, meaningful learning begins long before they enter a classroom. It unfolds ...

4 Kesä 12min

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