Hero’s Head, Richard Hunt (1956) (EMPIRE LINES x White Cube, Centre Pompidou)
EMPIRE LINES15 Touko 2025

Hero’s Head, Richard Hunt (1956) (EMPIRE LINES x White Cube, Centre Pompidou)

Curator Sukanya Rajaratnam and biographer Jon Ott weld together African American culture and 20th century Western/European modernism, through Richard Hunt’s 1956 sculpture, Hero’s Head.

Born on the South Side of Chicago, sculptor Richard Hunt (1935-2023) was immersed in the city’s culture, politics, and architecture. At the major exhibition, Sculpture of the Twentieth Century, which travelled from the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York in 1953, he engaged with the works of artists Julio González, Pablo Picasso, and Constantin Brâncuși - encounters with Western/European modernism, that ‘catalysed’ his use of metal, as the medium of his time and place.

Hero’s Head (1956), one of Richard’s earliest mature works, was the first among many artistic responses dedicated to the memory and legacy of Emmett Till. The previous year, Hunt joined over 100,000 mourners in attendance of the open-casket visitation of Till, a 14-year-old African American boy whose brutal lynching in Mississippi marked a seismic moment in national history. Modestly scaled to the dimensions of a human head, and delicately resting on a stainless-steel plinth, the welded steel sculpture preserves the image of Till’s mutilated face. Composed of scrap metal parts, with dapples of burnished gold, it reflects the artist’s use of found objects, and interest in ancient Greek and Roman mythology, which characterise his later practice.

With the first major European exhibition, and posthumous retrospective, of Richard’s work at White Cube in London, curators Sukanya Rajaratnam and Jon Ott delve into the artist’s prolific career. We critically discuss their diasporic engagement with cultural heritage; Richard collected over one thousand works of ‘African art’, referenced in sculptures like Dogonese (1985), and soon travelled to the continent for exhibitions like 10 Negro Artists from the US in Dakar, Senegal (1965). Jon details the reception of Richard’s work, and engagement with the natural environment, connecting the ‘red soil’ of Africa to agricultural plantations worked by Black slaves in southern America.

We look at their work in a concurrent group exhibition at the Centre Pompidou, which retraces the presence and influence of Black artists in Paris, and considers the city as a ‘mobile site’, highlighting the back-and-forth exchanges between artists, media, and movements like abstract expressionism. Shared skull-like forms are found in the works of French painters, Wangechi Mutu’s Afrofuturist bronzes, and Richard’s contemporaries practicing in France, Spain, Italy, and England.

Plus, LeRonn P. Brooks, Curator at the Getty Research Institute, details Richard’s ongoing legacies in public sculpture, and commemorations of those central to the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King Jr., Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Mary McLeod Bethune, Hobart Taylor Jr., and Jesse Owens.

Richard Hunt: Metamorphosis is at White Cube Bermondsey in London until 29 June 2025.

Paris Noir: Artistic circulations and anti-colonial resistance, 1950 – 2000 is at the Centre Pompidou in Paris until 30 June 2025.


Listen to Sylvia Snowden at White Cube Paris, in the EMPIRE LINES episode on M Street (1978-1997).


Hear more about Wangechi Mutu’s This second dreamer (2017), with Ekow Eshun, curator of the touring exhibition, The Time is Always Now (2024).


For more about Dogonese and ‘African masks’ from Mali, listen to ⁠Manthia Diawara⁠, co-curator of The Trembling Museum at the Hunterian in Glasgow, part of ⁠PEACE FREQUENCIES 2023⁠.


For more about ‘Negro Arts’ exhibitions in Dakar, Senegal, read about Barbara Chase-Riboud: Infinite Folds at the Serpentine in London.


For more about Black Southern Assemblage, hear Raina Lampkins-Felder, curator at the Souls Grown Deep Foundation and Royal Academy in London, on the Quiltmakers of Gee’s Bend (20th Century-Now).

Jaksot(159)

Cartoons for The Workers’ Herald, James Christie Scott (1920s)

Cartoons for The Workers’ Herald, James Christie Scott (1920s)

Dr. Henry Dee uncovers the global footprint of radical black activism in 1920s South Africa, through the cartoons of James Christie Scott. James Christie Scott’s cartoons illuminate black experiences of 1920s colonial capitalism. Commissioned by South Africa’s first major black trade union, his works subvert contemporary ideas of race, and imagine transformative moments of emancipation. ‘Scotty’ is best known today for his towering Black Samson mural. But arguably, his miniatures - his striking cartoons for the widely circulated The Workers’ Herald – had an even bigger global impact. PRESENTER: Dr. Henry Dee, post-doctoral research fellow at the International Studies Group, University of the Free State. ART: Cartoons for The Workers’ Herald, James Christie Scott (1920s). IMAGE: ‘When He Awakes’ in The Workers’ Herald (1926). SOUNDS: Uhadi. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES at: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

24 Joulu 202015min

The Tribes of Israel (Jacob and his Twelve Sons), Francisco de Zurbarán (1640s)

The Tribes of Israel (Jacob and his Twelve Sons), Francisco de Zurbarán (1640s)

Akemi Luisa Herráez Vossbrink depicts relations between imperial Spain and the Americas, through Francisco de Zurbarán’s paintings, The Tribes of Israel. From Seville’s most acclaimed religious artist, Francisco de Zurbarán’s portrait series The Tribes of Israel (1640s) depicts the Old Testament patriarch Jacob and his twelve sons. The only such painting series to be found in Europe, de Zurbarán’s works inspired colonial reinterpretations in Peru and Mexico. Produced in Spain, destined for Latin America, and currently housed in the north of England, The Tribes of Israel reflect global artistic exchanges and power dynamics. PRESENTER: Akemi Luisa Herráez Vossbrink, doctoral candidate at the University of Cambridge, and Meadows Museum Center for Spain in America (CSA) Curatorial Fellow. ART: The Tribes of Israel (Jacob and his Twelve Sons), Francisco de Zurbarán (1640s). IMAGE: ‘Joseph, from Jacob and His Twelve Sons’. SOUNDS: Gnawledge. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES at: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

10 Joulu 202014min

Bengali Colcha with Triumphal Arch of the Flemish (Mid 17th Century)

Bengali Colcha with Triumphal Arch of the Flemish (Mid 17th Century)

Dr. Laura Fernández-González explores the circulation of visual trends between imperial Lisbon and India, through the design for the Bengali Colcha with Triumphal Arch of the Flemish. Numerous Indian colchas, or wall hangings, were made for the orientalist markets of imperial Portugal. But this unique Bengali Colcha depicts a triumphal arch – the same temporary arch designed and erected in Lisbon by a foreign community of Flemish merchants, to welcome the Spanish king Philip II of Portugal (and III of Spain) into the capital in 1619. The mesmerizing architecture, figures, and flora depicted speak of several coeval artistic traditions, spaces, empires, and cultures. PRESENTER: Dr. Laura Fernández-González, senior lecturer in Art/Architectural History and Theory at the University of Lincoln. ART: Bengali Colcha with Triumphal Arch of the Flemish (Mid 17th Century). IMAGE: ‘Indian, Bengal: Wall Hanging: Triumphal Arch, Mid 17th Century’. SOUNDS: Sultan. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES at: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

26 Marras 202015min

Electra House, London (1902)

Electra House, London (1902)

Dr. Alex Bremner navigates London as the powerhouse of British technological imperialism, by looking at Electra House. Home to the Eastern Telegraph Company, London’s Electra House became the centre of Britain’s global telecommunications empire at the turn of the twentieth century. The regulated mesh of its architecture similarly ensnared global geographies, submitting it to the whims of commercial and imperial prerogative. Electra House persists as an important artefact of corporate and technological empire, and a stark precedent for contemporary geopolitical struggles over 5G broadband. PRESENTER: Dr. Alex Bremner, professor of Architectural History at the University of Edinburgh. ART: Electra House, London (1902). IMAGE: ‘Electra House’ in Electra House: The New Home of the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies (1902). SOUNDS: Silicon Transmitter. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES at: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

12 Marras 202012min

La Haine, Mathieu Kassovitz (1995)

La Haine, Mathieu Kassovitz (1995)

Dr. Emile Chabal navigates the contemporary echoes – and explosions – of French colonialism, through Mathieu Kassovitz’s 1995 film La Haine. Through the dangerous escapades of the young Vinz, Hubert and Saïd, La Haine explicitly depicts life in the French banlieue (‘suburbs’, or ‘projects’) - from aggressive altercations with the police and everyday racism, to social marginality and spatial exclusion. Kassovitz shows France as a damaged, post-colonial nation, unable to fulfil its promise of liberation and integration, echoing the fundamental contradiction at the heart of French colonialism. PRESENTER: Dr. Emile Chabal, reader in History and former director of the Centre for the Study of Modern and Contemporary History (2016-2020) at the University of Edinburgh. ART: La Haine, Mathieu Kassovitz (1995). IMAGE: ‘La Haine (1995)’. SOUNDS: Adrian Beentjes, David Cunliffe, Anthony Donovan, and Hopek Quirin. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES at: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

29 Loka 202014min

John Bull’s Other Island, George Bernard Shaw (1904)

John Bull’s Other Island, George Bernard Shaw (1904)

Journalist Megan Kenyon explores imperial relations between Britain and Ireland, through George Bernard Shaw’s 1904 play, John Bull’s Other Island. Ireland was England’s first colony, and the first colonial state to become independent from imperial rule. Yet, with its cutting depiction of Anglo-Irish relations, John Bull’s Other Island famously made the observing English King Edward VII break off the arm of his chair with laughter. George Bernard Shaw depicts Ireland on the precipice of its emergence from conventional British imperial rule, and glimpses at the new forms of commercial imperialism to come. PRESENTER: Megan Kenyon, journalist. ART: John Bull’s Other Island, George Bernard Shaw (1904). IMAGE: ‘George Bernard Shaw’. SOUNDS: Audio Library. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES at: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

15 Loka 202014min

The Great Mosque(s) of Djenné, Mali

The Great Mosque(s) of Djenné, Mali

Dr. Peter Clericuzio observes complex imperial hierarchies between Mali and France, through the Great Mosque(s) of Djenné. Population 32,000, Djenné is a small city in Mali, itself one of Africa's less famous countries. Yet, the (third) Great Mosque of Djenné attracted international attention in the twentieth century, extolled as a symbol of the power and diversity of the global French Empire. Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the architecture and complicated history of the Great Mosque(s) reveal the nuances of the French colonial enterprise during a stark transitional period. PRESENTER: Dr. Peter Clericuzio, professor of architectural history and heritage at the University of Edinburgh. ART: The Great Mosque(s) of Djenné, Mali. IMAGE: ‘The Great Mosque of Djenné’ in L’Illustration (1911). SOUNDS: Andrew Oliver Kora Band. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES at: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

1 Loka 202013min

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