Unearthed! Autumn 2022, Part 1
Stuff You Missed in History Class2 Marras 2022

Unearthed! Autumn 2022, Part 1

Fall is here and so is the latest two-part edition of Unearthed! Part one includes updates, oldest things, books and letters, and a late entry into our Halloween stuff.

Research:

  • Abbott, Dennis. “Archaeologists unearth skeleton dating from Battle of Waterloo” Brussels Times. 7/13/2022. https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/254695/archaeologists-unearth-skeleton-dating-from-battle-of-waterloo
  • Amaral, Brian. “A R.I. wreck that may be Captain Cook’s Endeavour is being eaten by ‘shipworms’.” Boston Globe. 8/11/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/08/11/metro/ri-wreck-that-may-be-captain-cooks-endeavour-is-being-eaten-by-shipworms/
  • Andalou Agency. “164-square-meter Heracles mosaic found in Turkey's Alanya.” 7/26/2022. https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/164-square-meter-heracles-mosaic-found-in-turkeys-alanya
  • “Van Gogh self-portrait found hidden behind another painting.” 7/14/2022. https://apnews.com/article/hidden-van-gogh-self-portrait-b703b4391c4ec0ba5bcf381ae44a6c3b
  • Banfield-Nwachi, Mabel. “Rare original copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sells for £2m.” The Guardian. 7/22/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/jul/22/shakespeare-first-folio-sells-for-2m-at-auction
  • Behrendt, Marcin. “Keep demons in the grave.” Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. 9/19/2022. https://portal.umk.pl/en/article/keep-demons-in-the-grave
  • Benke, Kristopher. “Medieval mass burial shows centuries-earlier origin of Ashkenazi genetic bottleneck.” 8/30/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/963008
  • Bennett-Begaye, Jourdan and Kolby KickingWoman. “Jim Thorpe's Olympic record reinstated.” Indian Country Today. https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/jim-thorpes-olympic-record-reinstated
  • Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “The last person who touched this three-bladed arrowhead was a Viking.” 8/26/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/the-last-person-who-touched-this-three-bladed-arrowhead-was-a-viking/2069302
  • Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “This gold ring once belonged to a powerful Viking Chief. It was found in a pile of cheap jewellery auctioned off online.” Science Norway. 7/8/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/this-gold-ring-once-belonged-to-a-powerful-viking-chief-it-was-found-in-a-pile-of-cheap-jewellery-auctioned-off-online/2052329
  • Bir, Burak. “Historical artifact from AD 250 returns to Türkiye after 140 years.” AA. 7/1/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/historical-artifact-from-ad-250-returns-to-turkiye-after-140-years/2628092
  • Brewer, Graham Lee. “Search for missing Native artifacts led to the discovery of bodies stored in ‘the most inhumane way possible’.” NBC News. 9/4/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/search-missing-native-artifacts-led-discovery-bodies-stored-inhumane-w-rcna46151
  • Brownlee, Emma. “Bed Burials in Early Medieval Europe.” Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 66, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2022.2065060
  • Buschschlüter, Vanessa. “Pedro I: Emperor's embalmed heart arrives in Brazil.” BBC. 8/22/2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62561928
  • Cardiff University. ‘Bronze Age enclosure could offer earliest clues on the origins of Cardiff.” 7/14/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-bronze-age-enclosure-earliest-clues.html
  • Cheng, Lucia. “After More Than 150 Years, Sculptor Edmonia Lewis Finally Gets Her Degree.” Smithsonian. 7/20/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sculptor-edmonia-lewis-receives-her-degree-180980429/
  • Davis, Nicola. “DIY fertiliser may be behind monks’ parasite torment, say archaeologists.” The Guardian. 8/19/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/19/diy-fertiliser-may-be-behind-monk-parasite-torment-say-archaeologists-cambridge
  • Dennehy, John. “UAE-led project makes groundbreaking discovery in Zanzibar's famed Stone Town.” The National News. 9/30/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2022/09/01/uae-led-project-makes-groundbreaking-discovery-in-zanzibars-famed-stone-town/
  • Donn, Natasha. “Portuguese scientists discover 100,000 year old case of deafness.” 7/18/2022. https://www.portugalresident.com/portuguese-scientists-discover-100000-year-old-case-of-deafness/
  • Eerkens, J.W., de Voogt, A. Why are Roman-period dice asymmetrical? An experimental and quantitative approach. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 14, 134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01599-y
  • Elis-Williams, Elinor. “Finding the ship that sent out a warning to The Titanic.” 9/26/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965748
  • Enking, Molly. “Kentucky Floods Damage Irreplaceable Appalachian Archives.” Smithsonian. 8/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/kentucky-floods-damage-irreplaceable-appalachian-archives-180980517/
  • Fels, Tony. “What Elizabeth Johnson’s Exoneration Teaches about the Salem Witch Hunt.” History News Network. 8/22/2022. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183740
  • Golder, Joseph. “New Technique Used to Free 1,300-Year-Old 'Ice Prince'.” Newsweek. 6/30/2022. https://www.newsweek.com/new-technique-used-free-1300-year-old-ice-prince-1720801
  • Grescoe, Taras. “This miracle plant was eaten into extinction 2,000 years ago—or was it?” National Geographic. 9/23/2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/miracle-plant-eaten-extinction-2000-years-ago-silphion?loggedout=true
  • Griffith University. “Massive Outback rock art site reveals ancient narrative.” Phys.org. 9/21/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-massive-outback-art-site-reveals.html
  • Hauck, Grace. “How a missing foot in Borneo is upending what we've known about human history.” Phys.org. 9/7/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-foot-borneo-upending-weve-human.html
  • Hussain, Abid. “Record rains in Pakistan damage Mohenjo Daro archaeological site.” MSN. 9/8/2022. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/record-rains-in-pakistan-damage-mohenjo-daro-archaeological-site/ar-AA11B0zH
  • IOC News. “IOC to display the name of Jim Thorpe as sole Stockholm 1912 pentathlon and decathlon gold medallist.” 7/15/2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-to-display-the-name-of-jim-thorpe-as-sole-stockholm-1912-pentathlon-and-decathlon-gold-medallist
  • Johnston, Chuck. “Grand jury declines to indict Carolyn Bryant Donham, the woman whose accusations led to the murder of Emmett Till.” CNN. 8/10/2022. https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/08/09/us/emmett-till-carolyn-bryant-no-indictment-reaj/index.html
  • Katz, Brigit. “Albuquerque Museum Returns Long-Forgotten Cache of Sculptures to Mexico.” Smithsonian. 7/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/albuquerque-museum-returns-long-forgotten-cache-of-sculptures-to-mexico-180980501/
  • Katz, Brigit. “London’s Horniman Museum Will Return Stolen Benin Bronzes to Nigeria.” Smithsonian Magazine. 8/9/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/london-horniman-museum-return-stolen-benin-bronzes-nigeria-180980541/
  • Katz, Brigit. “Museum of the Bible Returns Centuries-Old Gospel Manuscript to Greece.” Smithsonian. 8/30/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/museum-of-the-bible-returns-centuries-old-gospel-manuscript-to-greece-180980670/
  • Kiel University. “Examination of recently discovered wreck from the 17th century.” PhysOrg. 7/28/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-17th-century.html
  • Kuta, Sarah. “Can Tree Rings Solve the Mystery of a 19th-Century American Shipwreck?” Smithsonian. 9/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/tree-rings-american-shipwreck-Dolphin-1859-180980676/
  • Kuta, Sarah. “Man Pays $75 for Medieval Text That Could Be Worth $10,000.” Smithsonian. 9/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/man-pays-75-for-700-year-old-medieval-text-that-could-be-worth-10000-180980858/
  • Lewsey, Fred. “Prehistoric roots of ‘cold sore’ virus traced through ancient herpes DNA.” 7/27/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/959525
  • Macmillan, Jade. “Indigenous leaders bring their ancestors home after 90 years at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” ABC. 8/3/2022. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-04/indigenous-remains-repatriated-from-smithsonian/101272318
  • McEnchroe, Thomas. “Uniquely preserved medieval kitchen unearthed north of Moravia.” Radio Prague International. 8/8/2022. https://english.radio.cz/uniquely-preserved-medieval-kitchen-unearthed-north-moravia-8758128
  • net. “Research from Viking latrines helps reveal the long history of a parasite.” https://www.medievalists.net/2022/09/research-from-viking-latrines-helps-reveal-the-long-history-of-a-parasite/
  • net. “Site of 13th-century shipwreck to be protected.” https://www.medievalists.net/2022/07/site-of-13th-century-shipwreck-to-be-protected/
  • Metcalfe, Tom. “1,000 years ago, a woman was buried in a canoe on her way to the 'destination of souls'.” LiveScience. 8/24/2022. https://www.livescience.com/indigenous-canoe-burial-argentina
  • Nick J. Overton et al, Not All That Glitters is Gold? Rock Crystal in the Early British Neolithic at Dorstone Hill, Herefordshire, and the Wider British and Irish Context, Cambridge Archaeological Journal (2022). DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000142
  • Nyberg, Elin. “Jewellery from grave of high status Viking woman delivered at museum’s door.” University of Stavanger. 7/9/2022. https://www.uis.no/en/research/jewellery-from-grave-of-high-status-viking-woman-delivered-at-museums-door
  • Nyberg, Elin. “Unique sword casts new light on Viking voyages across the North Sea.” Phys.org. 7/18/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-unique-sword-viking-voyages-north.html
  • Oltermann, Philip. “Germany hands over two Benin bronzes to Nigeria.” 7/1/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/01/germany-hands-over-two-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria
  • Orie, Amarachi and Christian Edwards. “This ship tried to warn the Titanic about the iceberg. Now scientists have found its wreckage.” CNN. 9/30/2022. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/titanic-warning-ss-mesaba-irish-sea-intl-scli-scn/index.html
  • Pannett, Rachel. “Scientists find evidence of oldest known surgery, from 31,000 years ago.” Washington Post. 9/7/2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/07/oldest-amputation-surgery-borneo-hunter/
  • Patel, Vimal. “Last Conviction in Salem Witch Trials Is Cleared 329 Years Later.” New York Times. 7/31/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/31/us/elizabeth-johnson-witchcraft-exoneration.html
  • Peek, Madison. “A voice for their ancestors: Exhumations begin at Williamsburg’s First Baptist Church site.” Daily Press. 7/18/2022. https://www.dailypress.com/virginiagazette/va-vg-archaeology-discovery-burial-20220718-jequutuz2rbkvbrjposwovxot4-story.html
  • Public Library of Science. “High-status Danish Vikings wore exotic beaver furs.” Phys.org. 7/27/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-high-status-danish-vikings-wore-exotic.html
  • Rebosio, Cameron. “SLAC researchers scan 600-year-old documents for clues about first printing presses.” 8/13/2022. https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2022/08/13/slac-researchers-scan-600-year-old-documents-for-clues-about-first-printing-presses
  • Recker, Jane. “Five Stolen Paintings Go on Display in Virtual Reality.” Smithsonian. 7/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/virtual-reality-stolen-artwork-180980389/
  • Recker, Jane. “Harvard Returns Chief Standing Bear’s Pipe Tomahawk to the Ponca Tribe.” Smithsonian. 7/7/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/civil-rights-leader-standing-bears-tomahawk-returned-to-his-tribe-180980369/
  • Rose, Andy. “3,000-year-old canoe found in Wisconsin’s Lake Mendota is the oldest ever found in Great Lakes region.” CNN. 9/23/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/23/us/canoe-native-wisconsin-lake-mendota/index.html
  • Scislowska, Monika. “Is Danish king who gave name to Bluetooth buried in Poland?” Phys.org. 7/31/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-danish-king-gave-bluetooth-poland.html
  • Solly, Meilan. “Bones Found in Medieval Well Likely Belong to Victims of Anti-Semitic Massacre.” Smithsonian. 9/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bones-found-in-medieval-well-likely-belong-to-victims-of-anti-semitic-massacre-180980692/
  • Solly, Meilan. “England’s Oldest Surviving Shipwreck Is a 13th-Century Merchant Vessel.” Smithsonian. 7/26/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/englands-oldest-surviving-shipwreck-is-a-13th-century-merchant-vessel-180980474/
  • Stafford, Joe. “Archaeologists carry out first dig at tomb linked to King Arthur.” 7/1/2022. https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/tomb-linked-to-king-arthur/
  • Tabikha, Kamal. “Archaeologists uncover 2,600-year-old blocks of white cheese in Egypt.” Mena/The National News. 11/12/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2022/09/12/archaeologists-uncover-2600-year-old-blocks-of-white-cheese-in-egypt/
  • Tamisiea, Jack. “Beloved Chincoteague ponies' mythical origins may be real.” National Geographic. 7/27/2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/famous-chincoteague-ponies-may-actually-descend-from-a-spanish-shipwreck
  • Taylor & Francis Group. “More digging needed to see whether bones of fallen Waterloo soldiers were sold as fertilizer, as few human remains have ever been found.” Science Daily. 6/18/2022. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/06/220617210054.htm
  • Taylor, Luke. “Evolution of lactose tolerance probably driven by famine and disease.” New Scientist. 7/272022. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2331213-evolution-of-lactose-tolerance-probably-driven-by-famine-and-disease/
  • The History Blog. “1,400-year-old iron folding chair found in Bavaria.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65004
  • The History Blog. “Conserving an 18th c. portrait and the waistcoat in it.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64758
  • The History Blog. “Flash-frozen 7th c. boy warrior grave thawed.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64490
  • The History Blog. “Getty returns unique Greek terracotta sculptural group.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64992
  • The History Blog. “Hiker Finds Viking Brooch From Woman’s Burial.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64949
  • The History Blog. “Roman “refrigerator” found in Bulgaria.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65258
  • The History Blog. “Roman anchor retrieved from North Sea.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65211
  • The History Blog. “Secrets of Vermeer’s Milkmaid revealed.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65195
  • The History Blog. “Shrimp fishermen haul in wooden figurehead.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64893
  • UNC University Communications. “Excavations by UNC-Chapel Hill archaeologist reveal first known depictions of two biblical heroines, episode in ancient Jewish art.” 7/5/2022. https://uncnews.unc.edu/2022/07/05/excavations-by-unc-chapel-hill-archaeologist-reveal-first-known-depictions-of-two-biblical-heroines-episode-in-ancient-jewish-art/
  • University of Cincinatti. “Using science to solve a 1,300-year-old art mystery.” 9/6/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-science-year-old-art-mystery.html
  • University of Helsinkin. “Human bones used for making pendants in the Stone Age.” EurekAlert. 7/4/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/957821
  • Vindolanda Charitable Trust. “Instruments of War: Roman cornu mouthpiece uncovered..” 9/21/2022. https://www.vindolanda.com/news/instruments-of-war-roman-cornu-mouthpiece-uncovered.
  • Whiteman, Hilary. “Somerton man mystery ‘solved’ as DNA points to man’s identity, professor claims.” CNN. 7/26/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/26/australia/australia-somerton-man-mystery-solved-claim-intl-hnk-dst/index.html
  • Wu, Tara. “Three Men Charged for Trying to Sell Stolen ‘Hotel California’ Notes and Lyrics.” Smithsonian. 7/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/three-men-charged-for-trying-to-sell-stolen-hotel-california-notes-and-lyrics-180980415/
  • Xavier Roca-Rada et al, A 1000-year-old case of Klinefelter's syndrome diagnosed by integrating morphology, osteology, and genetics, The Lancet (2022). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01476-3
  • “5,200-year-old stone carving chrysalis found in north China.” 7/18/2022. http://www.chinaview.cn/20220718/9ff4915a83394d1089cea9e76c3f5517/c.html
  • Yildiz, Kadir. “Rare 1,600-year-old writing set unearthed in Istanbul.” AA. 9/15/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/rare-1-600-year-old-writing-set-unearthed-in-istanbul/2685964

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Jaksot(2596)

Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton

Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton

Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton is known as one of the earliest Mexican-American authors published in English, and her life story is tied closely to the Mexican-American war and the establishment of California as a state. Research: Amero, Richard W. “The Mexican-American War in Baja California.” The Journal of San Diego History. Winter 1984, Volume 30, Number 1. https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1984/january/war/ Annenberg Learner. “Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton (c. 1832-1895).” https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/masculine-heroes/maria-amparo-ruiz-de-burton-c-1832-1895/ Brink, Jean R. “María Amparo Ruiz de Burton.” EBSCO Knowledge Advantage. 2023. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/maria-amparo-ruiz-de-burton Contreras, Alicia . "María Amparo Ruiz de Burton". In Oxford Bibliographies in American Literature. 3 Sep. 2025. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199827251/obo-9780199827251-0191.xml. Contreras, Alicia. "'I'll publish your cowardice all over California': Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton's the squatter and the don in the age of Howells." American Literary Realism, vol. 49, no. 3, spring 2017, pp. 210+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A491311790/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=97ad48d9. Accessed 28 Aug. 2025. Crawford, Kathleen. “María Amparo Ruiz Burton.” The Journal of San Diego History. Summer 1984, Volume 30, Number 3. https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1984/july/burton/ Diaz, Ella Maria. "Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton: Critical and Pedagogical Perspectives." Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers, vol. 22, no. 2, June 2005, pp. 202+. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A141999447/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=1c4826f6. Accessed 28 Aug. 2025. Dietrich, Lucas. “A Sensational Job: Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, J.B. Lippincott Co., and Commission Printing.” Bibliographical Society of America. Via YouTube. 4/19/2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fb6sfXdUyR8 Hedrick, Joan D. "Who Would Have Thought It?" The Women's Review of Books, vol. 13, no. 7, Apr. 1996, p. 6. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A19140252/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c31ab587. Accessed 28 Aug. 2025. Meylor, Megan. “California Nerves.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language, FALL 2020, Vol. 62, No. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27117136 Quarstein, John V. “Worden and the Californios.” U.S. Naval Institute. October 2023. https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2023/october/worden-and-californios Raab, Josef. “The Imagined Inter-American Community of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton.” Amerikastudien / American Studies, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 1. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41158358 Sánchez, Rosaura and Beatriz Pita, editors. “Conflicts of Interest: The Letters of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton.” Arte Publico Press. University of Houston. 2001. Spitzzeri, Paul R. “Article Ten of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848.” Homestead Museum Blog. 5/31/2019. https://homesteadmuseum.blog/2019/05/31/article-ten-of-the-treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo-1848/ “María Amparo Ruiz, a woman of that century.” Issue 30. 3/8/2017. https://tendenciaelartedeviajar.com/en/2017/03/history/maria-amparo-ruiz-a-woman-of-that-century/ University of Texas Press. “María Amparo Ruiz de Burton and the Conquered Californios: An Interview With Meagan Meylor.” 11/15/2021. https://utpress.utexas.edu/blog/2021/11/15/maria-amparo-ruiz-de-burton-and-the-conquered-californios-an-interview-with-meagan-meylor/ Women & The American Story. “Life Story: María Ruiz de Burton (1832–1895).” The New York Historical Society. https://wams.nyhistory.org/industry-and-empire/expansion-and-empire/maria-ruiz-de-burton/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

17 Syys 41min

Augustin Jean Fresnel

Augustin Jean Fresnel

Augustin Fresnel didn’t live a long life, but he contributed significantly to the understanding of light and to the safety of coastlines. Neither of those had anything to do with his career. Research: Anderson, F.L. “Huygens' Principle geometric derivation and elimination of the wake and backward wave.” Sci Rep11, 20257 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99049-7 Aglialoro, Todd. “Jansenism.” Catholic.com. https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/jansenism Garcia-Atutxa, Igor, et al. “The epistemological impact of Augustin-Jean Fresnel and his wave theory of light in the 19th century.” History of Science and Technology. Vol. 14, No. 1. 2024. https://www.hst-journal.com/index.php/hst/article/view/616 Clingan, Ian C.. "lighthouse". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Jan. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/technology/lighthouse Crew, Henry. “The wave theory of light; memoirs of Huygens, Young and Fresnel.” New York. Cincinnati American Book Company. 1900. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/wavetheoryofligh00crewrich/page/n3/mode/2up Davidson, Michael W. “Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1827).” Molecular Expressions. Florida State University. https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/fresnel.html The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Augustin-Jean Fresnel". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Jul. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustin-Jean-Fresnel The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "François Arago". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Feb. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Arago “The Genius of Augustin-Jean Fresnel and his Lens.” Ponce Lighthouse & Museum. July 19, 2023. https://www.ponceinlet.org/the-genius-of-augustin-jean-fresnel-and-his-lens/ Herivel, John. "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Jul. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christiaan-Huygens. “July 1816: Fresnel’s Evidence for the Wave Theory of Light.” Advancing Physics. American Physical Society. https://www.aps.org/archives/publications/apsnews/201607/physicshistory.cfm Linden, Teri Clark. “A Short Bright Flash: Augustin Fresnel and the Birth of the Modern Lighthouse.” W.W. Norton. 2013. “May 1801: Thomas Young and the Nature of Light.” Advancing Physics. American Physical Society. https://www.aps.org/archives/publications/apsnews/200805/physicshistory.cfm “Napoleon’s Russian campaign: From the Niemen to Moscow.” Napoleon Foundation. https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/napoleons-russian-campaign-from-the-niemen-to-moscow/ Rehman, Ayaz Ur, and Muhammad Sabieh Anwar. “Light Is a Transverse Wave.” LUMS Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering. August 21, 2018. https://physlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/LightTransverse-v2.pdf Silliman, Robert H. “Fresnel and the Emergence of Physics as a Discipline.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , 1974, Vol. 4 (1974), pp. 137- University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27757329.pdf Tag, Thomas. “Lens Use Prior to Fresnel.” United States Lighthouse Society. https://uslhs.org/node/1481 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

15 Syys 36min

SYMHC Classics: Max von Pettenkofer

SYMHC Classics: Max von Pettenkofer

This 2020 episode talks about how Pettenkofer's ideas about cholera's spread weren’t exactly right, but they still had really beneficial impacts on the way we live.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

13 Syys 31min

Behind the Scenes Minis: All Things Clean

Behind the Scenes Minis: All Things Clean

Tracy talks about her background writing copy for sanitation and cleaning products. She and Holly also discuss how the implementation of the Wells' recommendations could have prevented a lot of illness.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

12 Syys 29min

William Firth Wells and Mildred Weeks Wells

William Firth Wells and Mildred Weeks Wells

Husband-and-wife team William Firth Wells and Mildred Weeks Wells conducted research that had the potential to make a big difference in the safety of indoor air. But it didn’t really have a significant impact on public health. Research: Associated Press. “Super-Oyster Is On its Way to Dinner Table Bigger and Better Bivalve Sports Pedigree.” 3/13/1927. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84020064/1927-03-13/ed-1/?sp=14 “Brought Back to Texas.” The Houston Semi-Weekly Post. 12/26/1889. https://www.newspapers.com/image/1196039760/ Decatur Daily Review. “Scientists Fight Flu Germs with Violet Ray.” 7/30/1936. https://www.newspapers.com/image/94335504/ Evening Star. “Scientific Trap-shooter.” 6/26/1937. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1937-06-26/ed-1/?sp=7&q=William+Firth+Wells&r=0.668,0.557,0.438,0.158,0 Fair, Gordon M. and William Weeks Wells. “Method and Apparatus for Preventing Infection.” U.S. Patent 2,198,867. https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/2198867 Hall, Dominic. “New Center for the History of Medicine Artifact - Wells Air Centrifuge.” Harvard Countway Library. https://countway.harvard.edu/news/new-center-history-medicine-artifact-wells-air-centrifuge “Incubator Is Now Oyster Nurse.” Washington Times. 10/1/1925. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026749/1925-10-01/ed-1/?sp=12 Lewis, Carol Sutton. “Mildred Weeks Wells’s Work on Airborne Transmission Could Have Saved Many Lives—If the Scientific Establishment Listened.” Lost Women of Science Podcast. Scientific American. 5/22/2025. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-public-health-researcher-and-her-engineer-husband-found-how-diseases-can/ Library and Archives Team. “William Firth Wells and Mildred Weeks Wells.” Washington College. https://www.washcoll.edu/people_departments/offices/miller-library/archives-special-collections/archives-blog/Wells%20papers.php Molenti, Megan. “The 60-Year-Old Scientific Screwup That Helped Covid Kill.” Wired. 5/13/2021. https://www.wired.com/story/the-teeny-tiny-scientific-screwup-that-helped-covid-kill/ Perkins JE, Bahlke AM, Silverman HF. Effect of Ultra-violet Irradiation of Classrooms on Spread of Measles in Large Rural Central Schools Preliminary Report. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1947 May;37(5):529-37. PMID: 18016521; PMCID: PMC1623610. Randall, Katherine and Ewing, E. Thomas and Marr, Linsey and Jimenez, Jose and Bourouiba, Lydia, How Did We Get Here: What Are Droplets and Aerosols and How Far Do They Go? A Historical Perspective on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases (April 15, 2021). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3829873 Riley, Richard L. “What Nobody Needs to Know About Airborne Infection.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Volume 163, Issue 1. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.hh11-00 Simon, Clea. “Did a socially awkward scientist set back airborne disease control?” The Harvard Gazette. 3/7/2025. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2025/03/did-a-socially-awkward-scientist-set-back-airborne-disease-control/ “Texas State News.” McKinney Weekly Democrat-Gazette. 4/17/1890. https://www.newspapers.com/image/65385350/ WELLS MW, HOLLA WA. VENTILATION IN THE FLOW OF MEASLES AND CHICKENPOX THROUGH A COMMUNITY: Progress Report, Jan. 1, 1946 to June 15, 1949, Airborne Infection Study, Westchester County Department of Health. JAMA. 1950;142(17):1337–1344. doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02910350007004 WELLS MW. VENTILATION IN THE SPREAD OF CHICKENPOX AND MEASLES WITHIN SCHOOL ROOMS. JAMA. 1945;129(3):197–200. doi:10.1001/jama.1945.02860370019006 WELLS WF, WELLS MW. AIR-BORNE INFECTION. JAMA. 1936;107(21):1698–1703. doi:10.1001/jama.1936.02770470016004 WELLS WF, WELLS MW. AIR-BORNE INFECTION: SANITARY CONTROL. JAMA. 1936;107(22):1805–1809. doi:10.1001/jama.1936.02770480037010 Wells, W F, and M W Wells. “Measurement of Sanitary Ventilation.” American journal of public health and the nation's health vol. 28,3 (1938): 343-50. doi:10.2105/ajph.28.3.343 Wells, William Firth and Gordon Maskew Fair. Viability of B. coli Exposed to Ultra-Violet Radiation in Air.Science82,280-281(1935).DOI:10.1126/science.82.2125.280.b Wells, William Firth and Mildred Weeks Wells. Measurement of Sanitary Ventilation American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health 28, 343_350, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.28.3.343 Zimmer, Carl. “Air-Borne: The Hidden History of the Life We Breathe.” Dutton. 2025. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

10 Syys 46min

A History of Soap

A History of Soap

All over the world, for all of human history – and probably going back to our earliest hominid ancestors – people have found ways to try to keep themselves clean. But how did soap come about? Research: “Soap, N. (1), Etymology.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2025, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1115187665. American Cleaning Institute. “Soaps & Detergents History.” https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/understanding-products/why-clean/soaps-detergents-history Beckmann, John. “History of Inventions, Discoveries and Origins.” William Johnston, translator. Bosart, L.W. “The Early History of the Soap Industry.” The American Oil Chemists' Society. Journal of Oil & Fat Industries 1924-10: Vol 1 Iss 2. Cassidy, Cody. “Who Discovered Soap? What to Know About the Origins of the Life-Saving Substance.” Time. 5/5/2020. https://time.com/5831828/soap-origins/ Ciftyurek, Muge, and Kasim Ince. "Selahattin Okten Soap Factory in Antakya and an Evaluation on Soap Factory Plan Typology/Antakya'da Bulunan Selahattin Okten Sabunhanesi ve Sabunhane Plan Tipolojisi Uzerine Bir Degerlendirme." Art-Sanat, no. 19, Jan. 2023, pp. 133+. Gale Academic OneFile, dx.doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.19.1106544. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025. Costa, Albert B. “Michel-Eugène Chevreul.” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Eugene-Chevreul Curtis, Valerie A. “Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene.” Journal of epidemiology and community health vol. 61,8 (2007): 660-4. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062380 Dijkstra, Albert J. “How Chevreul (1786-1889) based his conclusions on his analytical results.” OCL. Vol. 16, No. 1. January-February 2009. Gibbs, F.W. “The History and Manufacture of Soap.” Annals of Science. 1939. Koeppel, Dan. “The History of Soap.” 4/15/2020. https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/history-of-soap/ List, Gary, and Michael Jackson. “Giants of the Past: The Battle Over Hydrogenation (1903-1920).” https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=210614 Maniatis, George C. “Guild Organized Soap Manufacturing Industry in Constantinople: Tenth-Twelfth Centuries.” Byzantion, 2010, Vol. 80 (2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/44173107 National Museum of American History. “Bathing (Body Soaps and Cleansers).” https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/health-hygiene-and-beauty/bathing-body-soaps-and-cleansers New Mexico Historic Sites. “Making Soap from the Leaves of the Soaptree Yucca.” https://nmhistoricsites.org/assets/files/selden/Virtual%20Classroom_Soaptree%20Yucca%20Soap%20Making.pdf “The history of soapmaking.” 8/30/2019. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-science/the-history-soapmaking Pliny the Elder. “The Natural History of Pliny. Translated, With Copious Notes and Illustrations.” Vol. 5. John Bostock, translator. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/60688/60688-h/60688-h.htm Pointer, Sally. “An Experimental Exploration of the Earliest Soapmaking.” EXARC Journal. 2024/3. 8/22/2024. https://exarc.net/issue-2024-3/at/experimental-exploration-earliest-soapmaking Ridner, Judith. “The dirty history of soap.” The Conversation. 5/12/2020. https://theconversation.com/the-dirty-history-of-soap-136434 Routh, Hirak Behari et al. “Soaps: From the Phoenicians to the 20th Century - A Historical Review.” Clinics in Dermatology. Vol. No. 3. 1996. Smith, Cyril Stanley, and John G. Hawthorne. “Mappae Clavicula: A Little Key to the World of Medieval Techniques.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 64, no. 4, 1974, pp. 1–128. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1006317. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025. Timilsena, Yakindra Prasad et al. “Perspectives on Saponins: Food Functionality and Applications.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 24,17 13538. 31 Aug. 2023, doi:10.3390/ijms241713538 “Craftsmanship of Aleppo Ghar soap.” https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-aleppo-ghar-soap-02132 “Tradition of Nabulsi soap making in Palestine.” https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tradition-of-nabulsi-soap-making-in-palestine-02112 “Soaps.” https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/soaps.shtml van Dijk, Kees. “Soap is the onset of civilization.” From Cleanliness and Culture. Kees van Dijk and Jean Gelman Taylor, eds. Brill. 2011. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbnm4n9.4 Wei, Huang. “The Sordid, Sudsy Rise of Soap in China.” Sixth Tone. 8/11/2020. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006041 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

8 Syys 39min

SYMHC Classics: John Dalton

SYMHC Classics: John Dalton

This 2021 episode covers John Dalton, famous for his work in atomic theory. But he wrote one of the first thorough descriptions of what he called “anomalous vision” – he realized he wasn’t perceiving color the same way as other people. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

6 Syys 34min

Behind the Scenes Minis: Jane and the Clicker

Behind the Scenes Minis: Jane and the Clicker

Holly talks about nebulous passages in the writing of Jane Croly and her brother. Tracy and Holly talk about watching TV as children. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

5 Syys 30min

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