
Modular March EP 5: Value Accrual in The Modular Thesis with Tarun Chitra
The value accrual model in the modular stack is akin to that of the rise of the early internet. According to Tarun, founder of Gauntlet and a prominent angel investor, we will see more and more specialized usecases for applications which are highly expressive. As a result of this, the need for a modular stack becomes more and more apparent. We really enjoyed this conversation which drew inspiration from the evolution of the internet and computing to paint a clearer picture of the modular future. Weโve been quite deep in the technical weeds during Modular March (exactly where we want to be), so it was refreshing to host a discussion that goes beyond technicalities and instead touches on the practical application layer of modular blockchains. Hope you enjoy and feel free share with your friends who are trying to answer the question โwhy modularity?โ & โwhere does the value accrue in the modular stack?โ for the future of blockchain scaling.
23 Maalis 202431min

Modular March EP 4: Modular Appchain Design Choices with Cartesi
One of the biggest things we are leaning into is the design choices behind the certain builders decisions. We really want to understand why projects are choosing execution environments in specific modular architectures. In todayโs video we sit down with Cartesiโs co-founder Felipe to gather insights for builders. We take a dive into the differences between app specific rollups and general purpose chains and how choosing a modular stack composition based on the usecase. Felipe sheds light on the โcone of innovation,โ a model created by Cartesi which illustrates the dynamic interplay between computational capacity and data availability. By emphasizing the importance of tailored execution environments, Felipe highlights the need for careful consideration of various factors such as computational intensity, developer resources, and privacy concerns. The optionality of execution environments and the strategic decisions behind them play a pivotal role in shaping the future of modular blockchain applications. One of the core reasons were here is to give builders a choice.
23 Maalis 202447min

Modular March EP 3: The Next Modular DA Launch and Avail Trinity
As you may know, this year in the modular space has been characterized by the rise of modular DA solutions bringing in extremely low costs to txs on rollups. We call this โthe modular big bangโ where the beginning of the modular expansion begins. Today, weโre diving into the next modular DA solution to launch: Avail. Stemming from Polygon roots, this team is set to launch their mainnet very, very soon. While DA is the first objective on their roadmap, Avail understands the second and third order consequences of the modular expansion: Fragmentation of liquidity, users, and chains. So, they have set out to unify the modular space and push for a more connected and less fragmented future. This is where Avail Nexus comes into play, offering a coordination layer that binds independent rollups through proof aggregation and ordering guarantees supported by the security backbone of Avail Fusion. In essence, Availโs trio of offeringsโAvail DA, Avail Nexus, and Avail Fusionโare about laying down a solid, interoperable foundation for the upcoming modular expansion. Learn more about it in todayโs Modular March presentation.
23 Maalis 202457min

Modular March EP 2: Are Shared Sequencers Just Another L1? With NodeKit
In todayโs Modular March presentation, weโre diving into a topic brought to light by Ethereum foundation researcher, Justin Drake. Interoperability has long been a stumbling block in the path to a unified DeFi space. Traditional bridges and their limitations, the high costs associated with proof aggregation, and the challenges of achieving true atomic composability have fragmented the landscape. Yet, amidst these challenges, Ethereum has been pushing towards a world of shared sequencing. In this presentation, we discuss Nodekitโs unique consensus mechanism that ensures quick finality and minimal reorganizations, which is essential for the reliability of atomic operations across chains. As we explore the future of blockchain interoperability and the role of shared sequencing and hyperstructures, itโs clear that projects like NodeKit are pivotal. Lets learn about shared sequencing together.
23 Maalis 202445min

Modular March EP 1: Unifying the Modular Ecosystem with Union Build
Welcome to the first episode of the series of Modular March Presentations. Today, we delve into the zk side of things with Karel, founder of Union Build, a project focused squarely on bringing together modular chains as part of the modular expansion. At its core, Union leverages the principles of modularity and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to enhance the way different blockchain networks communicate and interact with each other. Unionโs initiative is distinguished by its adoption of the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol, a decision that underscores its commitment to a secure, scalable, and decentralized cross-chain communication framework. As Union pushes forward, its work towards a future where chains can send and verify proofs of transactions to each other using ZKPs stands out as a promising development. This โproof of proofโ concept aims to significantly reduce the resources needed for interoperability, enabling a much larger scale of interconnected chains and applications. Such advancements are vital in moving towards a modular, scalable, and inclusive future, powered by advanced cryptographic techniques and a steadfast commitment to open, decentralized principles. With partnerships lined up with Scroll to bring IBC to EVM, we think Union will play a role in bringing together the modular eco.
22 Maalis 202447min

DeFi by Design EP129: Everything You Need to Know About Zircuit zkEVM
In todayโs podcast, weโre taking a closer look at Zircuit's zkEVM, an innovative L2 focused on going to market in 2024. Zircuitโs leverages zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), a groundbreaking approach that ensures transaction validity without compromising privacy. This feature not only enhances the security of transactions by keeping details shielded but also plays a crucial role in scalability. A key focus for Zircuit is the developer experience. The platform provides comprehensive tools and resources designed to simplify the development and deployment of smart contracts and applications. It ensures that developers can easily migrate existing projects or start new ones on Zircuit's platform with minimal friction. We are quite bullish on the state of L2s in the coming year or two. We are extremely bullish on rollups utilizing zk tech in the coming year or two. Let's dive deeper into how Zircuit's zkEVM with founder Jan Gorzny. ๐ช๐ฒ ๐๐ฟ๐ ๐ผ๐๐ฟ ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐ต๐ถ๐ด๐ต-๐พ๐๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐, ๐ป๐ผ๐ป-๐ฏ๐ถ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ, ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐๐ฝ๐๐ผ ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐ฒ๐บ. ๐ฆ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ต๐ถ๐น๐ฒ ๐น๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐บ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ถ๐บ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ ๐ฐ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ธ๐ ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐น๐ผ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐: Website: https://therollup.co/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1P6ZeYd. Podcast: https://therollup.co/category/podcast Follow us on X: https://www.x.com/therollupco Follow Rob on X: https://www.x.com/robbie_rollup Follow Andy on X: https://www.x.com/ayyyeandy Join our TG group: https://t.me/+8ARkR_YZixE5YjBh The Rollup Disclosures: https://therollup.co/the-rollup-discl ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ: ๐๐ฏ๐ท๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ค๐ณ๐บ๐ฑ๐ต๐ฐ๐ค๐ถ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ค๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ๐๐ช ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ด ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ธ๐ช๐ต๐ฉ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ณ๐ช๐ด๐ฌ๐ด ๐ช๐ฏ๐ค๐ญ๐ถ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ฆ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฏ๐ช๐ค๐ข๐ญ ๐ณ๐ช๐ด๐ฌ, ๐ฉ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ณ, ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ ๐ง๐ข๐ช๐ญ๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฆ. ๐๐ต ๐ค๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐ข๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ถ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ค๐ฉ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ญ, ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ข๐บ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐ฏ ๐ข ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ง๐ฆ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ด ๐ข ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ๐ด๐ฉ๐ช๐ฑ, ๐ช๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ด๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ ๐ข๐ญ๐ธ๐ข๐บ๐ด ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ต ๐ช๐ด ๐ค๐ญ๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ. ๐๐ฆ ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ค๐ต๐ญ๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ค๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ, ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ฐ๐ง๐ง๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ช๐ด ๐ง๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฏ๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ช๐ค๐ฆ. ๐๐ฆ ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ง๐ฆ๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ๐ด ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ด๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ช๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ๐ด.
1 Maalis 20241h 3min

DeFi by Design EP128: Cross-Chain Perps, Blast L2, And Deep Onchain Liquidity
This was a really fun episode. Alwin is a good character and has some very interesting takes. We talked about Blast a fair bit, as we are particularly interested in the total degen culture going on over at Blast. Truly a chain with a culture, sort of reminds us of the Cosmos early days but less rebellious, more degen. We discussed the Vertex go-to-market strategy on Blast by starting 'Blitz' rather than sticking to the name Vertex, as well as Vertex edge. Throughout the pod, we went on to talk about on the incentives that attract market makers and retail users to Vertex, leading to tighter quotes and increased trading volume. "Thick and deep" liquidity. Finally, we also explore Vertex's technical capability, rapid listing of new assets, and cross-chain settlement of trades, enhancing the platform's functionality and user experience for the cross-chain future. Great vibes all around, hope you enjoy! ๐ช๐ฒ ๐๐ฟ๐ ๐ผ๐๐ฟ ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐ต๐ถ๐ด๐ต-๐พ๐๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐, ๐ป๐ผ๐ป-๐ฏ๐ถ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ, ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐๐ฝ๐๐ผ ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐ฒ๐บ. ๐ฆ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ต๐ถ๐น๐ฒ ๐น๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐บ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ถ๐บ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ ๐ฐ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ธ๐ ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐น๐ผ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐: Website: https://therollup.co/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1P6ZeYd. Podcast: https://therollup.co/category/podcast Follow us on X: https://www.x.com/therollupco Follow Rob on X: https://www.x.com/robbie_rollup Follow Andy on X: https://www.x.com/ayyyeandy Join our TG group: https://t.me/+8ARkR_YZixE5YjBh The Rollup Disclosures: https://therollup.co/the-rollup-discl ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ: ๐๐ฏ๐ท๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ค๐ณ๐บ๐ฑ๐ต๐ฐ๐ค๐ถ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ค๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ๐๐ช ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ด ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ธ๐ช๐ต๐ฉ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ณ๐ช๐ด๐ฌ๐ด ๐ช๐ฏ๐ค๐ญ๐ถ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ฆ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฏ๐ช๐ค๐ข๐ญ ๐ณ๐ช๐ด๐ฌ, ๐ฉ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ณ, ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ ๐ง๐ข๐ช๐ญ๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฆ. ๐๐ต ๐ค๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐ข๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ถ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ค๐ฉ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ญ, ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ข๐บ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐ฏ ๐ข ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ง๐ฆ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ด ๐ข ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ๐ด๐ฉ๐ช๐ฑ, ๐ช๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ด๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ ๐ข๐ญ๐ธ๐ข๐บ๐ด ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ต ๐ช๐ด ๐ค๐ญ๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ. ๐๐ฆ ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ค๐ต๐ญ๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ค๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ, ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ฐ๐ง๐ง๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ช๐ด ๐ง๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฏ๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ช๐ค๐ฆ. ๐๐ฆ ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ง๐ฆ๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ๐ด ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ด๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ช๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ๐ด.
22 Helmi 20241h 9min

DeFi By Design EP127: The State of Crypto Investing in 2024
If you have been here since day 1, you know we did a podcast with Qiao Wang in 2020 shortly after DeFi summer. What a time to be alive. In todays podcast, we cover a variety of topics, including cross-border payments using stablecoins, the differences between Ethereum and Solana, the significance of L2s, Solana's upcoming upgrade Firedancer, his take on modular vs. monolithic, the state of private markets, the infra vs. dApp investing thesis, and Qiao's thoughts on the 4-year cycle. This was a really good refresher from a DeFi OG and someone who we really respect and look up to in the space. ๐ช๐ฒ ๐๐ฟ๐ ๐ผ๐๐ฟ ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐ ๐๐ผ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐ต๐ถ๐ด๐ต-๐พ๐๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐, ๐ป๐ผ๐ป-๐ฏ๐ถ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ, ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐๐ฝ๐๐ผ ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐ฒ๐บ. ๐ฆ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ต๐ถ๐น๐ฒ ๐น๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐บ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ถ๐บ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ ๐ฐ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ธ๐ ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐น๐ผ๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ผ๐๐ฟ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐: Website: https://therollup.co/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1P6ZeYd. Podcast: https://therollup.co/category/podcast Follow us on X: https://www.x.com/therollupco Follow Rob on X: https://www.x.com/robbie_rollup Follow Andy on X: https://www.x.com/ayyyeandy Join our TG group: https://t.me/+8ARkR_YZixE5YjBh The Rollup Disclosures: https://therollup.co/the-rollup-discl ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ: ๐๐ฏ๐ท๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ค๐ณ๐บ๐ฑ๐ต๐ฐ๐ค๐ถ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ค๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ๐๐ช ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ด ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ธ๐ช๐ต๐ฉ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ณ๐ช๐ด๐ฌ๐ด ๐ช๐ฏ๐ค๐ญ๐ถ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ฆ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฏ๐ช๐ค๐ข๐ญ ๐ณ๐ช๐ด๐ฌ, ๐ฉ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ณ, ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ ๐ง๐ข๐ช๐ญ๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฆ. ๐๐ต ๐ค๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐ข๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ถ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ค๐ฉ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ญ, ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ข๐บ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐ฏ ๐ข ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ง๐ฆ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ด ๐ข ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ๐ด๐ฉ๐ช๐ฑ, ๐ช๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ด๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ ๐ข๐ญ๐ธ๐ข๐บ๐ด ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ต ๐ช๐ด ๐ค๐ญ๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ. ๐๐ฆ ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ค๐ต๐ญ๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ค๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ต๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ, ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ฐ๐ง๐ง๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ช๐ด ๐ง๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฏ๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ช๐ค๐ฆ. ๐๐ฆ ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ง๐ฆ๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ๐ด ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ด๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ช๐ด๐ฐ๐ณ๐ด.
20 Helmi 202453min










