Om episode
Build-up to the First Crusade. The Investiture Controversy between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, plus the growing influence of the Normans under Robert Guiscard, and the reasons behind the call to crusade by Pope Urban IIwww.historyeurope.netwww.patreon.com/historyeuropePicture: Henry IV begging forgiveness of Pope Gregory VII at Canossa Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.