Cato the Younger: Barefoot Stoic, Filibusters and Suicide at Utica

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Cato the Younger was born in 95 BC into the Roman elite, orphaned before he was four and raised by his uncles in the shadow of his great-grandfather Cato the Elder. He built a political brand on deliberate antiquarianism: refusing to ride a horse on campaign, walking barefoot in a plain unbleached toga and presenting himself as a student of Stoicism. As quaestor at the treasury in 64 BC he studied the financial laws in advance, fired corrupt clerks, chased old state debts and spent part of his own inheritance copying the treasury archives. In 63 BC, during the Catilinarian conspiracy, his speech for immediate execution flipped a Senate that Julius Caesar had swayed toward life imprisonment.

Cato's tool against Pompey, Crassus and Caesar was the filibuster: talking until sunset, when Roman law barred further votes. He blocked land for Pompey's veterans, new tax contracts for Crassus's allies and Caesar's request to keep his command while standing for consul, and the episode argues this pushed all three into the First Triumvirate. Sent to annex Cyprus in 58 BC, he catalogued every royal possession. His drive against electoral bribery got him pelted in the Forum, and he lost the consulship of 51 BC after refusing to pay voters. After the Republican defeat at Thapsus in 46 BC he evacuated Utica, settled its accounts, read Plato's Phaedo and took his own life rather than accept Caesar's pardon.

• When Cato demanded Caesar read a note aloud in the Senate, it turned out to be a love letter from Cato's half-sister Servilia.
• Despite his Stoic image, Cato wept openly and staged a lavish perfumed funeral for his half-brother Caepio.
• He physically erased fraudulent entries a friend and colleague had made in the treasury records.
• After stabbing himself, Cato tore open the stitches a physician had used to close his wound.
• Joseph Addison's play about Cato was performed for George Washington's troops at Valley Forge.