Servant Leadership: Robert Greenleaf, a Hermann Hesse Novel and Its Critics

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Servant leadership flips the usual org chart: the leader prioritizes employees' needs, development and well-being on the theory that this drives the organization's success. The modern phrase was popularized by Robert K. Greenleaf, a longtime executive at AT&T, in his 1970 essay The Servant as Leader. His inspiration was Hermann Hesse's 1932 novel Journey to the East, in which a servant named Leo carries the luggage and sings for a group of travelers until he disappears and the journey collapses. Years later the narrator learns that Leo was head of the order that sponsored the trek. Greenleaf's test was whether the people a leader serves grow healthier, wiser and more autonomous and become servant leaders themselves. The episode notes earlier precedents in Frederick the Great, who called himself the first servant of the state, and in the teachings of Jesus.

Greenleaf left a mindset rather than a method, so researchers struggled to measure it. Larry Spears drew out 10 characteristics, including empathy, listening, foresight and stewardship, and a 2019 review by Nathan Eva and colleagues defined it through motive, mode and mindset. Studies link it to lower turnover and to a work-to-family positive spillover, with less emotional exhaustion and better marriages, and Starbucks and Marriott International have adopted it. Critics note that Black scholars point to the brutal history of real servants and slaves and to Greenleaf's omission of Martin Luther King Jr., feminist scholars call it rooted in patriarchal views, and a 2021 study warned of its moral ambiguity.

• Researchers Patterson and Sendjaya brought workplace spirituality and agape love, meaning selfless care, into the literature.
• Facing a missed deadline, the servant leader asks what is blocking the employee rather than revoking a bonus or rallying for the vision.
• Social learning and social exchange theory are offered as the mechanisms by which serving staff improves results.
• The 2021 study warned that a leader who adopts followers' moral framework could serve a team pursuing unethical goals.
• For years researchers struggled to show how servant leadership differed from transformational leadership.