Black Kettle and the Washita: Fort Cobb Refusal and Custer's Dawn Attack

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Under the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho were to leave Kansas and Colorado for a reservation in Indian Territory. Leaders were verbally promised hunting rights on their old lands while the buffalo lasted, but Congress dropped that promise when it ratified the treaty. Hunger fed raids along the Solomon and Saline rivers in 1868. Peace chief Black Kettle could advise but not command young warriors, and his sub-chief Little Rock tried to identify raiders to agent Edward Wynkoop. On November 20, after traveling through snowstorms, Black Kettle asked Colonel William B. Hazen at Fort Cobb to let his people camp under Army protection. Hazen refused, citing General Philip Sheridan's authority and his fear of a second Sand Creek.

Back at his isolated camp of about 50 lodges on the Washita River, Black Kettle dismissed warnings of soldiers. At daybreak on November 27, 1868, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry attacked. Black Kettle and his wife, Medicine Woman, were shot in the back while crossing the river on a pony. Custer had more than 600 ponies killed and marched 53 women and children with his column as shields against warriors from the downriver camps.

Kiowa travelers, a warrior who saw distant figures and White Shield's vision all warned the camp the night before.
Black Kettle's wife told him they should have moved long ago.
Major Joel Elliott and his detachment were wiped out after Custer withdrew, a rift Frederick Benteen never forgave.
Custer reported 103 warriors killed, later raised it, from a tally assembled around a campfire.
Cheyenne accounts put male deaths at 11 to 18, with most victims women and children.

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