S06 E07: Robert Peel: Architect of Early Victorian Britain and the Corn Law Repeal

In this episode of CSS Breakdown: Book by Book, from Mastering Modern British History (Fourth Edition), Chapter 7, Episode 07 of Season 06, we explore the multifaceted career of Sir Robert Peel. We'll delve into his early contributions, such as establishing the Irish Constabulary and the Metropolitan Police, and examine his pivotal role in reviving the Tory/Conservative party, giving it a new image through the Tamworth Manifesto by advocating for cautious, moderate reform. A significant part of our discussion will focus on Peel's actions as Prime Minister from 1841, particularly his robust response to the country's economic problems. This includes his bold moves towards free trade by abolishing and reducing numerous tariffs, re-introducing income tax to turn a deficit into a surplus, and stabilizing the financial system with the Bank Charter Act (1844) and the Companies Act (1844), all of which contributed to a trade revival and increased exports. We also consider his approach to social problems and his complex dealings with Ireland, including his firm stance against Daniel O'Connell's repeal campaign and his attempts at concessions, which often divided his party. The central narrative of this episode revolves around the dramatic struggle for the repeal of the Corn Laws, a campaign spearheaded by the Anti-Corn Law League. We will analyze the arguments for and against abolition, the League's highly effective methods, and the stages that led to the eventual repeal, significantly influenced by the Irish potato famine. Finally, we critically assess the effects of the Corn Law repeal, noting its impact on the British economy, its limited effect on the Irish famine, and its profound consequence of destroying Peel's political career and splitting the Conservative party. We conclude by evaluating Peel's legacy, considering his contributions as a statesman and the contrasting views on his "greatness," particularly his belief in prioritizing the national interest over party loyalty.