Real Roman History14 Aug

Episode 77. The Origins of Christianity

Works Cited Primary Sources

The book of Acts. Composed approximately 80 to 90 CE by the same author as the Gospel of Luke. The principal narrative source for the early Christian community in Jerusalem and the missionary work of Paul.
The four canonical Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Composed between approximately 70 and 110 CE. The principal sources for Jesus's life and teaching, with the substantial source-critical caveats this episode has discussed.
Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews, especially 18.3.3, the Testimonium Flavianum on Jesus, with the source-critical caveats discussed in Part Six, and 20.9.1, the execution of James the brother of Jesus in 62 CE.
The letters of Paul. Composed between approximately 50 and 60 CE. The seven authentic letters—Romans, First and Second Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, First Thessalonians, and Philemon—are our most reliable evidence for the state of the Christian movement in the 50s.
Suetonius. Life of Claudius, 25. The reference to the expulsion of the Jewish community from Rome in 49 CE for disturbances instigated by Chrestus.
Tacitus. Annals, 15.44. The principal Roman reference to the Neronian persecution and to Christianity as a distinct religious movement.

Secondary Sources

Ehrman, Bart D. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. Oxford University Press, multiple editions. Standard scholarly introduction to the early Christian texts and their composition.
Koester, Helmut. Introduction to the New Testament. De Gruyter, multiple editions. Comprehensive scholarly treatment of the early Christian movement and its texts.
Sanders, E. P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. The standard scholarly biography of Jesus from a perspective grounded in Pauline-period Jewish religious context. The framework of this episode owes substantial debts to Sanders's analysis.
Vermes, Geza. Jesus the Jew. Collins, 1973. The classic work establishing the Jewish religious context of Jesus's ministry. Continues to shape contemporary historical Jesus scholarship.
Wright, N. T. The New Testament and the People of God. SPCK, 1992. The major contemporary treatment from a more theologically committed perspective, useful as a counterweight to the more skeptical scholarly traditions.

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Episode 76. Roman Judaea: From the Covenant to Direct Rule

Works Cited Primary Sources The Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh). The principal source for the pre-Hellenistic period of the Jewish religious tradition. The five books of Torah preserve the foundational mate...

14 Aug 49min

Episode 75. Nero, Part Two: From the Matricide to the Great Fire

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 62. Greek-language narrative covering this period. Hostile, late, dependent on earlier sources we cannot fully reconstruct. Useful as a che...

14 Aug 35min

Episode 74. Boudicca and the British Revolt

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The destruction layers at the three burned cities—Camulodunum, Londinium, and Verulamium—constitute the most substantially preserved single-event archaeologica...

4 Aug 38min

Episode 73. Nero, Part One: The Quinquennium

Works Cited Primary Sources Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus, 5.2. The late-fourth-century source preserving the Trajanic remark about the quinquennium Neronis. The attribution is uncertain and modern s...

4 Aug 47min

Episode 72. Britain: The Province at the Edge of the World

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The body of archaeological evidence for the Roman conquest of Britain is substantial. The destruction layers at the hill forts of the West Country, including M...

4 Aug 30min

Episode 71. Claudius: The Emperor Behind the Curtain

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 60. The continuous Greek-language narrative for the full reign. Particularly important for the Britain campaign of 43 CE, where the Tacitea...

4 Aug 57min

Episode 70. Caligula: The Principate Without Restraint

Works CitedPrimary SourcesActa Arvalia for 37 to 41 CE. Fragmentary but informative for the public cult activities and the official framing of the reign.Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 59. The Greek-...

30 Juli 50min