Real Roman History3 Sep

Episode 84. Year of Four Emperors, Part Two: Vitellius and Vespasian

Works Cited Primary Sources

Cassius Dio. Roman History, Books 64 and 65. Greek narrative covering the full Year of Four Emperors and the early Flavian period.
Josephus. The Jewish War, particularly Books 4 and 5, which cover the political and military context in the east and the relationship between the Jewish War and the Flavian elevation.
Suetonius. Life of Vitellius and Life of Vespasian. Biographical material on both emperors. The Vitellius biography is particularly hostile in its presentation of the personal-political conduct. The Vespasian biography preserves substantial material on the family background and the early imperial period.
Tacitus. Histories, Books 2 (latter portion), 3, and 4. The principal narrative source for the events of this episode. The Vitellian principate is covered in the late portion of Book 2 and the early portion of Book 3. The Flavian counter-rebellion and the Second Battle of Bedriacum are covered in Book 3. The sack of Rome and the political and cultural assessment are covered in the late portion of Book 3 and the early portion of Book 4.

Secondary Sources

Levick, Barbara. Vespasian. Second edition, Routledge, 2017. The standard scholarly biography of Vespasian. The framework for the Flavian portions of this episode owes substantial debts to Levick's analysis.
Mason, Steve. A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Major recent treatment of the Jewish War, useful for the context of the Flavian elevation.
Morgan, Gwyn. 69 A.D.: The Year of Four Emperors. Oxford University Press, 2006. More recent scholarly treatment, already cited in Episode 83.
Wellesley, Kenneth. The Year of the Four Emperors. Third edition, Routledge, 2000. The standard scholarly treatment of the entire period, already cited in Episode 83.

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