Who Am I Now? Narrative Identity with Rianne Brinkman

In this episode you will discover:

• Identity Is Shaped in Interaction — Narrative identity forms and reforms through relationships and stories shared with others — making connection a core ingredient of recovery, not a bonus
• Visual Methods Unlock What Words Cannot — Collage-making, photos, and art give people with aphasia a pathway into identity work that talk alone can't always reach.
• Identity Reconstruction Is a Long Game — People continue navigating complex, shifting identities for years after stroke. Our systems need to follow them farther into that journey, not stop too soon.
• Sit on Your Hands and Truly Listen — The most powerful thing you can offer is unhurried, attentive presence. Learning to wait and watch — rather than fill the silence — is a skill worth deliberately practicing.

If you've ever felt like there's more to aphasia care than the therapy protocol in front of you, or wondered what identity-centered practice actually looks like in the real world, this conversation will give you both the framework and the practical insights you need. Welcome to the Aphasia Access Aphasia Conversations Podcast. I'm Katie Strong from Central Michigan University and a member of the Aphasia Access Podcast Working Group — a community dedicated to supporting better aphasia care.

Rianne Brinkman is a speech-language pathologist and linguist from the Netherlands whose PhD project "Who Am I Now?" explores identity changes in people with aphasia through storytelling and creative arts-based approaches. Before her doctoral work — supported by the Dutch NWO Teacher Research Grant — she spent years as a clinician in rehabilitation and aphasia centers, and that deep clinical foundation shapes everything she brings to her research. She teaches in the Speech and Language Therapy program at Hanze University of Applied Sciences in Groningen and conducts her research at the University of Humanistic Studies in Utrecht.

Today's conversation feels especially personal to me. Like Rianne, I came to doctoral work after years of established clinical practice, and my own research centers on narrative identity and aphasia through the My Story Project and the PULSE framework. So, when she sought me out at a conference in 2019, I recognized immediately that we were kindred spirits working toward the same questions from different corners of the world.

So, let's get into the conversation.

Katie Strong: Well, before we dive into your work, I wanted to share something with our listeners. One of the things that drew me to this conversation is that we have a parallel story. We both came to do our PhDs after established clinical careers, and you're in the thick of that journey. I'd love to start with what made you decide to go back, and how did your clinical work shape what you wanted to pursue?

Rianne Brinkman: I used to work in rehabilitation for a long time, and then I moved from one part of the Netherlands to another part, and there was not much work for me. So, I got the opportunity to help establish an aphasia center. And of course, if you look at the rehabilitation phase, that's far more deficit oriented, so that's very different than in the chronic phase, where an aphasia center comes into place. So, I really had to change my view of therapy. I had to establish a few groups on identity. I started reading on identity, on communicative participation, on how to do that in groups. So that's really where the interest came from.

Katie Strong: I love hearing that. Sometimes as we go into a different phase or area of work, and it really re-shapes our thinking and how we engage with our clients or patients.

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah, it does. And in those groups, I worked together a lot with creative therapists, and I learned so much from them, because then I realized that if you use narrative approaches, and you combine them with visual arts or arts therapy, that it can mean so much for somebody. They can get so many more means of expression. So, yeah, I learned a lot from that.

Katie Strong: I love that! It is powerful. And I'm really looking forward to talking more about this. I was curious, you know, what the experience has been like from a clinician turned researcher, what you know, what's that actually been like for you? And has there been anything that surprised you most about the transition?

Rianne Brinkman: I did not realize that much how much you yourself as a person influences the conversation with somebody with aphasia, you know that co-construction part. So that your identity aspects really influence how the conversation takes place and what somebody chooses to tell you or not. So that is really momentary, and so it's just a snapshot, really, when you do this. So, I became really aware of that. But also, your own norms and values and the way you listen and all those sorts of things. It's just a different way of doing therapy. And then you're doing it as research which is different. I think that's one thing, sometimes I'm a little bit too much the therapist, so I really have to be a researcher again, you know? So, you change between those roles.

Katie Strong: Yes, it is a shift, right?

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah, exactly, exactly.

Katie Strong: Yeah. And thinking about how those two roles are different or powerful, sometimes combined. Well, let's talk a little bit about the work that you're doing. And I want to acknowledge that what we're talking about today really all comes out of your doctoral journey, which is really remarkable. I thought we could first talk about your 2025 scoping review that really mapped the landscape of what we know about identity changes in aphasia, and it also laid the groundwork for everything that followed. Could you walk us through that narrative identity model that came out of the review?

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah. That was quite complex, because there's so much written about identity, and everybody defines it slightly in a different way, or uses different words. So, what we tried to do is really get a grip on that literature to see what was written on identity changes in aphasia, and what kind of theory was used. And what we saw was that everything is from a social constructionist perspective, really. But then there are many different philosophers and different authors that write about identity. So, what we tried to do was because, of course, Barbara Shadden, she's very foundational in this work. With her colleagues, she created the four domain interdisciplinary framework. So, we tried to use that in the model as one of the foundations. And then, of course, the work of Paul Ricoeur, who's a French philosopher who writes about that you only shape your identity through interaction with other people which gives meaning to the stories you share with other people. And the work of Bamberg, and he talks about dilemmatic spaces. So what it means, really, is that I think identity, you only shape in interaction, and we tried to visualize that in the model. So, there's an "I" part, and that's about you, the personal domains, and there's the "we" part, and that's about the social domains. We tried to visualize how those domains interact, including temporality, because you shape your identity in the here and now, but also through time. And then in the middle of the model, there's a head with interconnected gears, and that's where it all comes together. That's you at your identity, your narrative identity, a specific point in time. So that's the model in a nutshell. And then you've got, of course, all those personal domains, like your biography, agency and power, communicative abilities, your roles you fulfill in life. And then the social domains are, like your social situation, your cultural background, society and all of that works together, informing, shaping your identity.

Katie Strong: It's powerful work, and it is complex. I appreciate the work that you led to be able to assimilate and give us this model for us to be really thinking about narrative identity in a way that takes all of those big thought leaders and helps it become more approachable to those of us that are interested in narrative identity as researchers, but also as clinicians.

Rianne Brinkman: That's great. Thank you.

Katie Strong: Thank you for that work. And then you have another recent paper. Congratulations, by the way! That paper just came out earlier this year in 2026 and I guess I should say to the listeners, we'll have both articles linked in the show notes, as well as some other resources that will be interesting to explore if you're into this topic. This 2026, article is really the first of its kind to look at identity in this early stage, six to eight weeks after admission to rehabilitation. So, I was hoping you could talk with us about who were these people and what were you doing together in these sessions?

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah. So, it's the first session of a longitudinal study, so I'm following those people over two years. And so, there are 22 people with aphasia. Unfortunately, two of them couldn't continue as one of them, I couldn't organize the reflection session, and one of them, I just couldn't reach anyone. But the other 20 people are still in the study, which is really amazing!

Katie Strong: That is really amazing!

Rianne Brinkman : Yeah, that's really nice. They're all middle aged people who range in age from their 30s to their 60s until 67. They also have different severities of aphasia. Some people were still clinical inpatient, some of them already were outpatient. And then I tried to elicit their story with visual participatory methods in combination with the narrative approach. So those sessions are quite long, sometimes two and a half to three hours, so it's a lot of time. It's really nice to just sit with them and connect. During the first session I did collage making. I just took a lot of magazines with me and scissors and glue and everything, and then we just sat down. And then I just let them start leafing through those magazines and see what appealed to them, what kind of images, what kind of words, what it's reflected about them. And then they created their collage. And then, of course, you look at what kind of images do they choose, but also, how do they position them? How do they create their collage. Is there some kind of reason behind things? You discuss that, but also how do they get across what they do? You know, some people think for a long time and are hesitant to act. Some people start straight away. Some people tear the images. Some people cut them really neatly. So, everybody behaves in a different way, and that reflects something on your identity also. So, I always ask questions about that. And then when we finish the work, a proxy comes in and we reflect on the work of the person with the face yet together to get perspective.

Katie Strong: That's really fantastic. So, you're, you're coming into either the hospital room or their home, is that where the work is done?

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah, so usually the speech therapist, who's in charge books a room for me in the rehabilitation center. Or I just go to the homes of the people.

Katie Strong: Well, I'm excited to talk about what you found out, but, but before we get into that, I just have to ask about the tattoo, because it's an integral part of this work. And it stopped me when I read it. And the title from the paper comes from the tattoo on one of your participants. So, could you talk to us about that?

Rianne Brinkman: Of course. There's one lady, and I was analyzing the session, because, of course, she will need to transcribe them. And then I saw her doing her hair in a ponytail, and I saw her arm, and I thought, "Oh, she's got a really nice tattoo there." So, I sent her a text, and I said, "What does that tattoo mean to you? What is it? "And then she told me that it was a tattoo that said, leave the thorn, enjoy the rose. And that's from a music play from Handel. And her father really enjoyed that. But her father passed away, so that tattoo was a memory tribute to her father, but also it reflects how she sees life, that you have to try to stay optimistic whatever happens. And I think that voice of positivity is a very important voice in all the stories of all the participants. Everybody said that. So, I thought, oh yeah. Even when something really bad happens, bad happens, people try to stay positive. So, it reflected a very important, yeah, result of the data, really. So, I thought, I'm going to make that the title.

Katie Strong: It really is beautiful. So, so the rose bush. You develop this beautiful rose bush image to represent what you found across the participants. Walk us through that. And what does the rose bush capture about what identity looks like at that early stage of recovery?

Rianne Brinkman: So, we used different methodology of analysis. So we listened to the voices that were reflected in the stories of people with aphasia, and then we realized that there are many contrapuntal voices, so it's very ambiguous. Really, very complex. So, we thought, we cannot just do a thematic analysis. We have to show that one experience can be both positive or negative or whatever. And that's why we came to those tensions and in that rose bush, so at the stem you see, for example, where you see the branches, and at the stem it's, for example, the tension between disconnection and connection. And connection is at the rose and disconnection at the stem, another tension is agency and disempowerment, and another one is living loss and personal growth. And then what we found was that people had coping voices and affirmative voices, but also challenging voices. And what we did was we put the challenging voices at the thorns and the coping and affirmative voices at the roses to reflect that they used that both to make sense of aphasia and of their identity, really. And so, they were moving along those branches, really. Sometimes they felt connected. Sometimes disconnected. Sometimes they grieved. Sometimes they cope by staying positive or focusing on the present. So that's how we tried to show that it's very complex that people move along those tensions, that it's never static. And those three existential tensions were really very tangible in the data.

Katie Strong: It's just such powerful work. When I was reading it and I. I was talking with one of my students, she was saying she actually became pretty emotional when she was reading about all of that as well. It's really, really powerful work. And what I find so interesting, and you mentioned it earlier, but this role of the visual methods, the collage making, images as a way into identity. Could you paint a picture of what that actually looked like to sit with a participant in those sessions?

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah. Well you really have to sit on your hands. And I learned a lot from my colleagues, creative therapists, because when I first did this…because sometimes people feel a bit awkward. You know that they all of a sudden have to draw something, or that they have to cut images from a magazine. And then you want to do something to help them feel less awkward. You shouldn't really. You should just let that happen and let that session develop. That's very important. So, I really learned to just tell them, "you are looking the magazines and you see what appeals to you. And I'll just give you some time to get into that" and then you just wait. And while you're waiting, you can just see, for example, if somebody finds it really hard, and then you can also see how long they look at an image, for example, if it means something to them. Or they stop on a certain page all the time. And then you can help them a little bit and say, "Oh, you're looking a long time at this image. Maybe, is this something that appeals to you for some reason?" And then you can help them. But also, very often, people just know what to do. I don't know. It's very intuitive. So first, they don't know what they will choose, or they don't know what kind of collage it will be. But it comes to them for some reason.

Katie Strong: Yeah, it's interesting. I think we had talked about this previously, but a person with aphasia and research collaborator that I worked with, Todd Berreth, and I did some, we called it. We the "cut-up" style using images to be able create a story about yourself and integrate those pieces. And it was so interesting to watch people who came to our workshop, and just as you're saying, like how they chose and what they did. Some people were very, "I know what I'm doing", and others were hesitant, or wanted to take their work home before finalizing it and everything in between.

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah, that's very that's very nice. You really get that extra layer, I think. And also, when people really can't talk very well, you know, they can maybe say yes or no and sometimes a word, you know, then it's very hard to talk about your identity. Using images then that really helps. So, I remember one lady, she couldn't talk very well, but she was very creative. And she started, you know, with those magazines, and then straight away, there was that butterfly symbolizing her mom, connection to her mother. And maybe, I think we would never have reached that trying to do this in words. So, yeah, very powerful.

Katie Strong: Thank you. Another thing I wanted to talk about is that you use something called the Listening Guide as part of your analysis. And I'm thinking that a lot of our listeners may not have come across this before. Could you give a sense of what it really means to listen in the way that that approach demands?

Rianne Brinkman: Yes. So, what you do is, first you well, you listen to the plot of the story. So, you listen to, what does this story contain? What's the big line of the story? And you write that down. And then you look again at the data, and then you look at all the "I" positions and I also look at the "me" positions. So, everything that's "I" and "me". You get that out and you create "I-poems". We created all those "I-poems" about certain experiences. I could give maybe an example of one. This one is a bit connected to, on the one hand, feeling very sad that somebody suffered from stroke and aphasia, and on the other hand, tried to stay positive. So, I've got one here.

I was crying last weekend.
I realized, Oh no, this happened to me.
I have to deal with this.
I have changed.
I also stayed positive that I will be okay.
I just say it will be okay and I won't think negatively.

So, then you get an "I-poem" that reflects different voices, like, in this case, the voice of grief and positivity. Then you look at those voices. In the next step, you look at the contrapuntal voices, and like grief and positivity are very contrapuntal. So very often, I think also we as human beings do the same, you know, you talk to yourself in your head, you know. And you've got all those different positions towards an experience. And those are the contrapuntal voices. And what we tried to do, so we adapted this approach by Gilligan and Eddy, and we tried to incorporate the visuals, the visual data, and also embodiment, because sometimes people with aphasia do very interesting things. They give a lot of information, non-verbally. Also you want to be sure that you really understood the person, so checking if you're on the same page is very important also. Sometimes you have to interpret what somebody means, or you have to give words to what somebody says as a researcher, which is the ethical part, of course, which is hard sometimes, but you can't avoid that. So, yeah, so that's how we integrated all the data. And tried to get those stories out and get the depth of the depth of the story.

Katie Strong: I love it. That's really fascinating. And the "I-poems" are really powerful. And I think we'll put a link to the Listening Guide reference in the show notes if people are interested in learning more about that technique. You mentioned earlier that this is a longitudinal study that you're undertaking for your dissertation work, which is pretty amazing. I mean, very amazing. And you're, you're two years into this longitudinal study, and this paper we've been talking about is the six to eight week snapshot. What are you most curious about as you continue following those participants over time? And also, what do you want clinicians who are listening today to take away from what you've already found?

Rianne Brinkman: Tomorrow, I'm doing another two sessions. One of them is the last session with somebody with P5 and with another person, P4. I think I am about I'm halfway through. Well, I'm almost, I think I've got another year to go to have collected all the data. And what I see really is that it's very clear that identity formation and reconstructing, renegotiating your identity, is a very long and complex process, and that at different points in time, different things happen. You see different patterns also along those moments in time that I'm doing the sessions. What I also realize, I'm not sure how that is in states, but in the Netherlands, I think communicative access, for example, if you want to start working again, you know, to understand what all the letters you get the process, and that it's very hard. Also in health care. And people are really struggling with that, and get really a lot of stress from this, and that it's very unclear often, and that people feel very uncertain. And I think we've got to realize that we should take a longer role in this. You know, not stop too soon, or just at least keep, well, the finger on the pulse, like we say in Netherlands, just keep following people. I think that's very important. And I also realized that the combination of a narrative approach with visual participatory methods really gives you a lot of information. And I also think the listening skills, to really listen to that story and try to get that story out, that gives you such a powerful connection with somebody. So, every time I see them again, I'm really curious, and they're really happy to share their story again and to show me where they are at that point in time. Yeah, and then I'm working together with colleagues with aphasia also, which is really great because they learn from each other. You know, that's nice.

Katie Strong: I love all of that. And I think maybe one of the things I'd like to reiterate, or we could talk about a little bit more, is that what I think I hear you're saying is we know aphasia is a chronic change to their life and the way they communicate and how they can connect with others, and ultimately how that impacts who they are, as people, or their identity. And our health care systems, I know in the US, we're set up for lots of intervention, or maybe the most that they're going to get, even if it's just a little, early in that phase, and then having them have to navigate that process on their own, as they become farther from having the stroke. And this work showcases their journey along the way. But I just wonder is there something that a clinician who's listening could implement or do with their client, wherever they're seeing them, in the journey?

Rianne Brinkman: I think using creative arts is always a good idea. You could keep it really simple. You could just ask them to bring a special object or to show a photo that they're proud of, or make a collage, or use Legos to build with. So, I think that's a good possibility. And also, I think a peer contact is very important. So do that together with a little group or people that are interested in exploring and sharing their stories. And I think we should realize that it's important to check in. So even if you finish therapy with somebody, then it's a good thing after a few months, to ask how they how they are, and stand still with the process. That's something very important also.

Katie Strong: And sometimes harder to do than it would seem, but I think, as you're talking it seems like connecting people with peers and following up. I know here in the states, making sure they're a part of a support group so that they can have a community to be able to connect with.

Rianne Brinkman: Yes, because what I've seen a lot is that after a while, there's that phase of uncertainty, really. You don't know if you can get your work back, maybe in a different form, maybe not. And then there's no therapy anymore. And then how are you going to navigate all that uncertainty? And I think that usually speech therapy has stopped. I think then it's hard, of course, because it's not always doable, but I think it would be a very good moment. So, after eight months to really start up something again and then really discuss the identity of somebody. Really use narrative approaches to help them renegotiate all those dilemmas that they're experiencing.

Katie Strong: Yeah, and certainly, I guess you know, advocacy work on big levels to recognize that people should be able to access therapy whenever they feel like they need it.

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah, definitely.

Katie Strong: We've got some work to do. I appreciate this conversation, and I just wanted to let the listeners know that Rianne and I have been in conversation since we met at the International Aphasia Rehabilitation Conference in Philadelphia in 2019 and what started as a conversation in a parking lot I might add, has grown into some real research and educational collaboration. And Rianne, together with Sabine Corsten and Bianca Spelker, we have been developing and studying training programs for future SLPs in life storytelling approaches across three countries, so the US, Germany and the Netherlands and Rianne, I was hoping you could tell our listeners a bit about what we're actually building together and what you're learning from that work about what students need most before they walk into the room and try to do this identity centered practice, style of work.

Rianne Brinkman: Well, we based it a lot on your work, of course, and the My Story project and Narraktiv from Sabine. So, Katie you started this in the US, and then we thought, "oh, this would be great in the Netherlands and in Germany also." The students first of course, need to be trained in supportive communication techniques, because that's very important for them. I think in the Netherlands, it's maybe a little bit different than in the States and in Germany, because I work with students that are still in their bachelors. So they've had only one year of theory, and they haven't done their training or internship yet. Although some of them have. And then you see a very different student. So, but I've got the students that are really for the first time meeting someone with aphasia, for example. And they're very scared, because they think, "Oh, am I able to adapt my communication and what if somebody's going to cry, or what if that story is really going to touch me?" So, you really need to prepare them with a lot of information about what narrative identity is and also what identity work entails. We also must train on how you can really, truly listen. Active listening skills from that nice paper you wrote with Barbara Shadden on the power of story and taking the PULSE of people with aphasia. Appreciating their uniqueness, And also what we do in the Netherlands is practicing with them how they use visual methods, creative methods, to use in their sessions with the people with aphasia. And then once they start, I always say to them, "Well, at least the first session maybe is very exciting, but you're there, you're listening, you're engaged. That's already means so much to somebody if you do that, if you truly listen." And then after one session, they realize that, and then it goes really nicely.

Katie Strong: There's this that feeling very uncomfortable and not sure where to go. And then being able to let that person with aphasia kind of take you on that journey.

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah. That's so nice because it contributes to both, to the person with aphasia who participates, and also to the students and their development.

Katie Strong: I strongly believe you can't do identity, story based work without being influenced yourself, by the work

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah, definitely.

Katie Strong: Well, before we wrap up, I would be remiss if we didn't talk about some tips or strategies, resources or readings for clinicians who are interested in implementing identity, focused story work into their practice. So, can you share a few things with us?

Rianne Brinkman: Definitely. Yeah. When I started this work, I really liked the work of Carol Pound and her colleagues, and that's a book called Beyond Aphasia. It's very interesting theoretically, but also very practical. It really helped me to develop methods for my aphasia group to talk about identity. I really think that's a very good book. And then also the book of Barbara Shadden and her colleagues on Neurogenic Communication Disorders. There are some really practical cases in there, and it's very broad. It's not only about aphasia, but also a different neurogenic disorders. And I what I really like is it's such a nuanced theoretical perspective; they gather lots of theory, but they do that in such a good way. It's a very book.

Katie Strong: Yeah, I agree, both Carol Pound and Barbara Shadden's work. It's approachable, but it does have the meat of the theory in it.

Rianne Brinkman: Yeah. So that's helped me a lot. And what I said earlier, the paper you wrote with Barbara on the power of story, I think that's very helpful to better understand what happens when you use narrative interventions, and what kind of interventions there are. And then, of course, the different interventions, like the work of Sabine Corsten on Narraktiv in your work, on My Story. And I have a book but it's only in Dutch. I attempted to share all those methods I created for the group, and it's very practice based. So that's why I started later on my PhD. But those practice-based methods are combined in a book, but it's only in Dutch.

Katie Strong: It looks fabulous. I'm not able to access it with my limited language skills, but we'll make sure to have all of those references listed in the show notes so people can explore and take a look around it. And I think you know your book that you're talking about, Rianne even though it is all in Dutch, so maybe not accessible to everyone, but it's got beautiful graphics and photos and things like that you can get an essence of what it is that you're expressing.

Rianne Brinkman: It's all, it's all painted or drawn by Reno Hubers. He's a Dutch person with aphasia, and he was in one of my groups. And then every time I was reading about something, he was just drawing it or painting it. And I thought, "Oh, I really need to ask him help me make the images for this book." So, it was together with him that we created this.

Katie Strong: Beautiful. And what a great story. Thank you for being here with me today. And I don't know if you have anything else you want to add before we wrap up our conversation.

Rianne Brinkman: Well, thank you for inviting me. But also, I want to say thank you to my team, because they really stimulate me to think differently about identity. I've got a very interprofessional team, and that's really helpful. And also, of course, our identity group meetings with you and Sabine and Bianca and Barbara. That's very helpful to shape my thinking on identity. And, of course, the participants of my research who are so open and vulnerable and want to share their stories. I would like to acknowledge that that's very important.

Katie Strong: For sure! We sure appreciate you sharing your experiences with us and look forward to what's to come from the longitudinal study. We wish you well in your studies as well. Thanks Rianne.

What strikes me most about this conversation is how Rianne's work reminds us that identity reconstruction isn't a detour from aphasia care — it is aphasia care. And the tools she brings, the collage, the listening guide, the willingness to simply sit and wait, are more accessible than we might think.

What began as a chance conversation in a parking lot in Philadelphia in 2019 has grown into something neither of us anticipated. Rianne, together with colleagues Sabine Corsten and Bianca Spelker, and alongside my own work through the Strong Story Lab, we have been developing and studying training programs for future clinicians in life storytelling approaches — across the US, Germany, and the Netherlands. It is the kind of international collaboration that only happens when people are genuinely working toward the same thing.

On behalf of Aphasia Access, thank you for listening. For references and resources mentioned in today's show, please see our show notes, available on our website at www.aphasiaaccess.org. There you can also become a member of our organization, browse our growing library of materials, and find out about the Aphasia Access Academy. If you have an idea for a future podcast episode, email us at info@aphasiaaccess.org. For Aphasia Access Conversations, here at Central Michigan University in the Strong Story Lab, I'm Katie Strong.

Resources

Brinkman, R. (2018). Bouwen aan identiteit. behandeling van afasie – met 25 werkvormen [Building identity. Breindok. Treatment of aphasia – with 25 methods]. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0021-9924(26)00012-2/sbref0006

Brinkman, R., Cardol, M., Neijenhuis, K., Luinge, M., & Leget, C. (2026). "Leave the thorn, enjoy the rose" identity formation of people with aphasia in the early rehabilitation phase. Journal of Communication Disorders, 120, 106627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2026.106627

Brinkman, R., Neijenhuis, K., Cardol, M., & Leget, C. (2024). Who am I now? A scoping review on identity changes in post-stroke aphasia. Disability and Rehabilitation, 47(5), 1081-1099. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2367606

Gilligan C., & Eddy J. (2017). Listening as a path to psychological discovery: An introduction to the Listening Guide. Perspectives on Medical Education, 6(2),76-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40037-017-0335-3

Pound, C., Parr, S., Lindsay, J., & Woolf, C. (2000). Beyond aphasia: Therapies for living with communication disability. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315169057

Shadden, B. B., Hagstrom, F., & Koski, P. R. (2008). Neurogenic communication disorders: Life stories and the narrative self. Plural Publishing. https://www.pluralpublishing.com/publications/neurogenic-communication-disorders-life-stories-and-the-narrative-self

Strong, K. A., & Shadden, B. B. (2020). The power of story in identity renegotiation: Clinical approaches to supporting persons living with aphasia. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(2), 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_PERSP-19-00145