Type 1 Diabetes – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Management | OSCE Talk

In this episode of OSCE Talk, Matthew and Peter break down Type 1 diabetes — a lifelong autoimmune condition in which the body destroys its own insulin-producing beta cells.

We explore its pathophysiology, how to recognise the early clinical signs, and the essential diagnostic criteria you need to know for exams and real-world practice. The discussion covers day-to-day management, insulin therapy, the role of technology such as continuous glucose monitors, and the short- and long-term complications clinicians must watch for.

A structured approach to patient interaction ties the theory together, helping you feel confident taking a Type 1 diabetes history in your OSCEs.

• Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong autoimmune condition leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

• Insulin is vital for glucose uptake — without it, hyperglycaemia develops.

• Classic symptoms follow the four T’s: thirsty, toilet, thin, tired.

• Viral infections and genetics are common triggers.

• Patients are at increased risk of infections.

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a medical emergency — recognise it early.

• Blood sugar monitoring and insulin adjustment are essential to safe management.

• CGM devices and technology improve long-term outcomes.

• Complications divide into microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular disease.

• Autoimmune conditions often cluster — family history matters.

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Disclaimer

OSCE Talk is an educational resource designed primarily to help healthcare students prepare for clinical examinations. Episodes on the key, exam-relevant and salient points of each topic and are not intended to provide a complete or exhaustive review of clinical management.

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Content is for educational puporses only and should not be used as a substitute for formal teaching, clinical supervision, local policies or current national guidance. While we aim to keep our content accurate and useful, medical guidance changes over time and episodes may contain omissions or necessary simplifications.

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Always refer to appropiate guidance when making clinical decisions or caring for patients.