The Catholic Refuge - Toleration

The Catholic Refuge - Toleration

In 1649, Maryland passed the first law in English America to use the words "free exercise" of religion — a narrow, conditional, but genuinely remarkable order that quarreling Christians leave each other in peace. It was a fortification thrown up in a hurry by a Catholic lord losing his grip: the King beheaded, the charter worthless, a Protestant majority filling his colony. And in a bitter irony, the law was Protestant toleration of Catholics, passed by the very majority that would, within si...

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Episoder(144)

A Failed Nation - Driven into a Separation

A Failed Nation - Driven into a Separation

The Treaty of Paris handed the United States a wilderness empire running to the Mississippi and the Great Lakes — and the bankrupt Confederation needed to sell it, fast, because western land was very ...

1 Sep 32min

A Failed Nation - The Closed River

A Failed Nation - The Closed River

In 1784, Spain closed the lower Mississippi River — and with it, the only road to market for the tens of thousands of Americans pouring into Kentucky and the West. This is the story of what that close...

27 Aug 29min

A Failed Nation - Shays’ Rebellion

A Failed Nation - Shays’ Rebellion

In the winter of 1787, a few thousand indebted farmers in western Massachusetts marched on their own government — and though they lost their one real battle in minutes, in the snow outside a federal a...

25 Aug 27min

A Failed Nation - Rogue Island

A Failed Nation - Rogue Island

In September 1786, a Newport butcher named John Weeden refused to take paper money for a joint of meat, and demanded silver. Under Rhode Island law, that was a crime — punishable by a fine, the loss o...

20 Aug 30min

A Failed Nation - Pennies on the Dollar

A Failed Nation - Pennies on the Dollar

In 1786 the Congress of the United States asked the thirteen states for 3.8 million dollars to pay the debts of the Revolution. It collected 663 dollars. This is the story of the broken money machine ...

18 Aug 29min

A Failed Nation - The Financier

A Failed Nation - The Financier

He was the richest man in America, and for most of the Revolution he was also its treasury. When the United States had no money and no credit, it borrowed on the name of Robert Morris — a Philadelphia...

13 Aug 30min

A Failed Nation - A Dangerous Instrument

A Failed Nation - A Dangerous Instrument

In the spring of 1783, with the Revolution all but won, the most dangerous enemy of the United States was its own army. Unpaid for years, cheated of their promised pensions, the officers camped at New...

11 Aug 35min

A Failed Nation - A Rope of Sand

A Failed Nation - A Rope of Sand

On December 23rd, 1783, in the Senate chamber at Annapolis, George Washington did the thing conquerors never do: he laid his commission at the feet of the Congress and went home to be a farmer — an ac...

8 Aug 38min

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