Real Roman History3 Apr

Episode 24. The Price of Empire: The Education of Tiberius Gracchus

Works CitedPrimary Sources

Appian. Iberica (Hispanic Affairs). The primary narrative source for both the Celtiberian and Lusitanian wars. His account of Viriatus, the Galba massacre, and the assassination is the fullest we have.
Diodorus Siculus. Library of History, Books 31–33 (fragmentary). Supplements Appian on Viriatus and the Lusitanian conflict.
Livy. Periochae, Books 47–59. Summaries of Livy's lost books covering the Spanish wars. Thin but chronologically useful.
Plutarch. “Life of Tiberius Gracchus,” chapters 1–8. The account of Tiberius's quaestorship under Mancinus, the Etruria observation, and the treaty negotiations. The essential primary source for Part Five.
Polybius. Histories (fragments). On Roman policy in Spain and the Celtiberian conflicts.

Secondary Sources

Brunt, P. A. Italian Manpower 225 BC–AD 14. 1971. The standard reference on census figures and the shrinking recruitment pool.
Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar. 2006. Useful background on the military recruitment crisis of the middle Republic.
Keay, Simon. Roman Spain. 1988. The best modern overview of the Iberian provinces and the resistance to Roman authority.

Supplemental Works CitedPrimary Sources

Cicero. De Re Publica. The Roman philosophical analysis of the constitution. Partial survival. Most useful for understanding how educated Romans thought about their own institutions.
Livy. Ab Urbe Condita. The narrative account of the Republic's institutional development. The accounts of the early Republic are legendary, but the institutional descriptions are valuable.
Polybius. Histories, Book 6. The foundational ancient analysis of the Roman political system. Written by a Greek observer with unusual access and genuine analytical intelligence. The standard against which everything else is measured.

Secondary Sources

Adcock, F. E. Roman Political Ideas and Practice. 1959. Clear and useful overview of the Republican constitution for non-specialists.
Lintott, Andrew. The Constitution of the Roman Republic. 1999. The standard modern scholarly account. More detailed than this supplemental requires but invaluable for deeper reference.
Millar, Fergus. The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic. 1998. Essential corrective on how the assemblies actually functioned and who actually voted in them.

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Episode 77. The Origins of Christianity

Works Cited Primary Sources The book of Acts. Composed approximately 80 to 90 CE by the same author as the Gospel of Luke. The principal narrative source for the early Christian community in Jerusalem...

14 Aug 52min

Episode 76. Roman Judaea: From the Covenant to Direct Rule

Works Cited Primary Sources The Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh). The principal source for the pre-Hellenistic period of the Jewish religious tradition. The five books of Torah preserve the foundational mate...

14 Aug 49min

Episode 75. Nero, Part Two: From the Matricide to the Great Fire

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 62. Greek-language narrative covering this period. Hostile, late, dependent on earlier sources we cannot fully reconstruct. Useful as a che...

14 Aug 35min

Episode 74. Boudicca and the British Revolt

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The destruction layers at the three burned cities—Camulodunum, Londinium, and Verulamium—constitute the most substantially preserved single-event archaeologica...

4 Aug 38min

Episode 73. Nero, Part One: The Quinquennium

Works Cited Primary Sources Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus, 5.2. The late-fourth-century source preserving the Trajanic remark about the quinquennium Neronis. The attribution is uncertain and modern s...

4 Aug 47min

Episode 72. Britain: The Province at the Edge of the World

Works Cited Primary Sources Archaeology. The body of archaeological evidence for the Roman conquest of Britain is substantial. The destruction layers at the hill forts of the West Country, including M...

4 Aug 30min

Episode 71. Claudius: The Emperor Behind the Curtain

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 60. The continuous Greek-language narrative for the full reign. Particularly important for the Britain campaign of 43 CE, where the Tacitea...

4 Aug 57min

Episode 70. Caligula: The Principate Without Restraint

Works CitedPrimary SourcesActa Arvalia for 37 to 41 CE. Fragmentary but informative for the public cult activities and the official framing of the reign.Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 59. The Greek-...

30 Juli 50min