Real Roman History3 Sep

Episode 83. Year of Four Emperors, Part One: Galba and Otho

Works Cited Primary Sources

Cassius Dio. Roman History, Books 63 and 64. Greek narrative covering the full Year of Four Emperors, surviving partly in epitome form. Useful as a comparison to the Tacitean account.
Plutarch. Life of Galba and Life of Otho. Greek-language biographical material composed in the early second century, with the Otho biography preserving substantial material on the First Battle of Bedriacum and on Otho's death. Plutarch's account often parallels Tacitus's but preserves some independent material.
Suetonius. Life of Galba and Life of Otho. Biographical material on both emperors with substantial detail on the political and personal events of the period. Suetonius preserves material that Tacitus does not, including detailed personal anecdotes whose historical reliability varies.
Tacitus. Histories, Book 1 and the early portion of Book 2. The Galba reign, the Otho conspiracy, the Otho principate, and the First Battle of Bedriacum are preserved in detailed narrative form. The death of Otho is preserved at Histories 2.47 through 2.50. The Histories were composed in the early second century and are, in the surviving form, the principal narrative source for the Year of Four Emperors.

Secondary Sources

Greenhalgh, P. A. L. The Year of the Four Emperors. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975. Older scholarly treatment, still valuable for the military-strategic analysis.
Morgan, Gwyn. 69 A.D.: The Year of Four Emperors. Oxford University Press, 2006. More recent scholarly treatment with substantial material on the political-cultural dynamics of the period.
Murison, Charles L. Galba, Otho and Vitellius: Careers and Controversies. Olms, 1993. The standard scholarly biographical treatment of the three figures, with substantial attention to the source-critical problems each one presents.
Wellesley, Kenneth. The Year of the Four Emperors. Third edition, Routledge, 2000. The standard scholarly treatment of the entire period. The framework of this episode and the next owes substantial debts to Wellesley's analysis.

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Episode 91. Pompeii and Herculaneum: The Preserved Cities

Works Cited Primary Sources Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Volume IV. Edited by Karl Zangemeister with Richard Schoene, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1871; supplementary volumes throughout the twentieth...

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Episode 90. The Eruption of Vesuvius

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Episode 89. Vespasian's Reign

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Episode 88. Josephus

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History. Greek narrative of the early Flavian period. Includes brief reference to Josephus's prediction at Dio 66.1.Josephus, Flavius. Antiquitates Judai...

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Episode 87. The Destruction of Jerusalem

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Episode 86. Vespasian and the Flavian Establishment

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Episode 85. The Civilis Revolt

Works Cited Primary Sources Cassius Dio. Roman History, Books 64 and 65. Greek narrative covering the early Flavian period. Useful as a comparison to the Tacitean account, with substantial independent...

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Episode 84. Year of Four Emperors, Part Two: Vitellius and Vespasian

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