Knight Capital: The $440 Million Software Glitch of August 2012
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Knight Capital: The $440 Million Software Glitch of August 2012

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On the morning of August 1, 2012, Knight Capital Group was the largest trader in U.S. equities, handling more than $21 billion a day and holding about 17 percent of volume on both the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq. Forty-five minutes after the opening bell it had lost $440 million. This episode reconstructs how a routine software update, copied by hand to seven of eight servers, destroyed a firm founded in 1995 and built over 17 years.

The cause was old code nobody had deleted. To support a new NYSE retail liquidity program, engineers reused a flag once tied to Power Peg, a retired algorithm still sitting in the SMARS order router. On the one server that missed the update, the flag woke Power Peg with its trade-counting logic disconnected, so it kept firing orders without knowing they had filled. The episode also covers the firm's history of fines and the weekend scramble to save it.

  • The rogue server executed four million trades in 154 stocks, more than 397 million shares, buying at the ask and selling at the bid. Wizard Software jumped from $3.50 to $14.76.
  • Knight had prior regulatory trouble, including a $79 million settlement in 2004 for overcharging institutional customers and accusations of spoofing.
  • Its stock fell 33 percent that day and traded at $3.39 by August 2, erasing 75 percent of the company's market value.
  • CEO Thomas Joyce had publicly blasted Nasdaq months earlier over the technical failures in Facebook's IPO.
  • A consortium led by Jefferies put up $400 million in convertible securities, with Jefferies supplying $125 million. Knight was acquired by Getco in December 2012, and the merged firm became KCG Holdings in July 2013.

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