Henry V Beyond Shakespeare: The Arrow at Shrewsbury to the Siege of Rouen

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In 1403 the 16-year-old Prince of Wales took an arrow six inches into his face below the left eye at the Battle of Shrewsbury. The royal physician John Bradmore built an expanding screw tool to draw out the arrowhead and cleaned the wound with white wine and honey, and the boy who survived with a sunken scar became Henry V. Born at Monmouth in 1386, he had been held as a ward by Richard II while his exiled father, Henry Bolingbroke, seized the throne as Henry IV, leaving the Lancastrians with a usurped crown and years of rebellion.

Crowned in a snowstorm in 1413, Henry ruled as an austere, priest-like king who crushed Lollard dissent, executed his old friend John Oldcastle, and became the first English king since 1066 to write government letters in English. He invaded Normandy in 1415, took Harfleur at a heavy cost to dysentery, and won at Agincourt in the mud, but his later war was a grinding conquest. At Rouen in 1418 he left expelled civilians starving in the ditch until the city fell in January 1419. The Treaty of Troyes made him heir to France in 1420, yet he died of dysentery at 35 in 1422, leaving a nine-month-old son.

A French observer said Henry looked more like a priest than a soldier.
The French insult of tennis balls captured how little the French elite rated the young king.
Even hostile French and Burgundian chroniclers did not condemn his order to kill prisoners at Agincourt.
The murder of John the Fearless on the bridge at Montereau pushed the Burgundians into alliance with Henry.
Historians call his legacy a damnosa hereditas, a harmful inheritance that fed the later Wars of the Roses.

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