Viktor Frankl in the Camps: Shock, Apathy, a Mass Fast and Liberation

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Viktor Frankl entered the Nazi concentration camps as a trained psychiatrist, which let him observe inmates' psychological breakdown even as he endured it. This episode reconstructs the phases he documented: the paralyzing shock of admission, followed by apathy, an emotional numbing he saw as a necessary defense that shrank every prisoner's concerns to surviving one more day. He noticed that physical strength did not always decide who lived, and that prisoners who held a vision of the future, such as a conversation with a loved one or an unfinished task, tended to survive longer. He concluded that even in a camp a person keeps the freedom to choose an attitude, and that humanity divides only into the decent and the indecent.

Liberation brought its own dangers. Frankl described three stages: depersonalization, when even a flower felt unreal; a physical stage of uncontrollable hunger and sleep; and a stage of bitterness and moral deformation, which he compared to a diver surfacing too fast and getting the bends. Returning to Vienna, he learned that his wife, parents and brother had been murdered. In 1946 he published the account that became Man's Search for Meaning, which introduced logotherapy and has sold over 16 million copies in 52 languages. The episode also lays out criticism from Lawrence Langer, Richard Middleton-Kaplan, Thomas Szasz and Raul Hilberg.

• During a camp-wide fast to protect one prisoner from retribution, Frankl led a group therapy session for the starving men.
• He observed kapos who abused fellow prisoners and Nazi guards who risked themselves to smuggle medicine.
• One freed survivor became obsessed with inflicting on local civilians the same violence done to him.
• Frankl proposed a Statue of Responsibility on the US West Coast to complement the Statue of Liberty.
• Reviewers rebutted Hilberg's comparison of the book to Binjamin Wilkomirski's memoir, since Frankl's imprisonment and losses are documented fact.