The Ninth Circle of Hell

Episode #355: “You need to pay attention to what the kids care about,” says Naomi Gingold. “It will inform so much about the place that you're trying to understand, be it politics, culture, all of it! And you do a disservice to the nature of what you're trying to understand when you don't.” In the late 1990s, amid Myanmar's strict military rule, Burmese hip hop began to emerge as a new form of cultural expression. Young people blended beats, slang, and self-assertion to create a movement that challenged both cultural norms and the political narrative of a tightly controlled society. Gingold, a journalist and academic researcher, who has spent years studying Myanmar's hip hop scene, explains that even though the music wasn't necessarily explicitly political, many facets of hip hop were expressions of agency in a harshly suppressed environment and inherently defiant. Her research (and book-in-progress) is on the birth, unexpected rise, and explosive impact of hip hop in Myanmar; it is a story she tells alongside the inseparable history and evolution of modern technology, the public sphere, as well as youth political sentiment and agency in the country. The group Acid—who became the first real hip hop stars in Myanmar—and other pioneering bands spoke to the frustrations of Burmese youth, addressing daily struggles and aspirations. Hip hop artists cleverly used coded language and slang to evade the scrutiny of an oppressive regime, embodying ideals of freedom and resistance in the process. The resurgence of military power in 2021 brought a return to repression after a period of relative openness and freedom. Among the most devastating events was the state execution of Phyo Zeya Thaw, a co-founder of Acid and a leader of the resistance. His arrest and execution in 2022 were a chilling reminder of the regime's determination to crush dissent. Those events were also deeply personal for today’s guest and her research community, especially. She briefly reflects on the rise of new media post coup, "This was me reflecting primarily on changes in media/public sphere and youth political sentiment. All part of my research. Though hip hop has affected the podcasts and social media platforms have become new vehicles for artists and activists to share their stories, discuss mental health, reflect on the ongoing revolution, and chat about the future they aspire to create. These new formats have allowed Burmese voices to reach an even wider audience, bypassing state-controlled media.”

17 Juni 1h 46min

Episode #354: Saravanan, an advocate for Myanmar's alienated Tamil community, illuminates their rich, yet overlooked, history. He describes an ancient connection, starting around 300 BC, through trade between Tamil merchants and the Mon people. Those early Tamil migrants eventually assimilated completely, suggesting hidden Tamil ancestry in many Burmese today. The colonial era marked a huge turning point. From just 19 Indians living in Yangon in 1852, the rice boom led to a surge of cheap Indian labor, which totaled 1 million by 1931. This forced migration through indentured labor, akin to slavery, fueled Myanmar's economy but also bred resentment. Saravanan details how discriminatory terms like kalar became linked to darker skin, creating persistent color-based classism. Anti-Indian sentiment escalated, culminating in the violent Rangoon riots in the 1930s. Then post-1962, Ne Win's regime deported many Tamils and nationalized their assets, while also banning their language and culture outright. For those who remained, this caused deep self-suppression and alienation. While modern media offers cultural revitalization, political participation remains severely limited due to lack of citizenship and fear of retaliation. Saravanan emphasizes that for Tamils, neither dictatorship nor democracy has brought genuine inclusion. He advocates for an “alienated minority committee” to actively integrate these communities, recognizing their history and providing legal and social equality. “Society has to take a step back, look at us and say, ‘Okay, these people belong to us. They have to walk with us, because they are part of us,’” he says in closing.

13 Juni 1h 47min

Episode #353: Professor Lahra Smith, a political science professor specializing in East Africa at Georgetown University, argues that Myanmar’s current struggles must be seen within a global framework of colonial legacies, using Sudan as a comparative case. While acknowledging contextual differences, Smith shows how both countries were shaped by British colonial rule that hardened ethnic divisions, created infrastructure disparities, and entrenched political inequalities. Sudan lies within Africa’s so-called "coup belt," illustrating a broader dissatisfaction with post-colonial governance and foreign interference. Like Myanmar, Sudan has suffered from military coups that initially promised reform but quickly descended into new forms of repression. Smith discusses how colonial policies divided Sudanese society along racial and religious lines, just as British colonialism in Myanmar entrenched ethnic and religious hierarchies that still drive conflict today. Colonialism’s infrastructural and missionary legacies further marginalized Sudan’s peripheries, fostering grievances that exploded into civil wars and the eventual, troubled independence of South Sudan. Similarly, Myanmar’s marginalized ethnic regions remain flashpoints for conflict. Smith stresses the need to move beyond thinking in terms of static land borders and recognize the deeper regional and cultural continuities that colonial boundaries disrupted. Ultimately, Smith emphasizes that identities and nations are constantly evolving, and that just drawing new lines on maps to replace the old, artificial, colonial ones will not solve the problems caused by the colonial experience. She stresses that genuine understanding requires recognizing this fluidity.

10 Juni 2h

The Global Citizen Podcast recently featured a look at the work behind Insight Myanmar and Better Burma, which we bring you here as a bonus episode.

8 Juni 47min

Episode #352: Nicholas Coppel’s tenure as Australia’s ambassador to Myanmar (2015–2018) provides a unique lens on the country’s transition toward democracy, as well as the enduring challenges posed by military dominance. Serving during the historic 2015 elections, Coppel witnessed the National League for Democracy (NLD) rise to power under Aung San Suu Kyi. Yet despite the optimism surrounding the election, the military’s entrenched authority under the 2008 Constitution continued to hinder reform. Retaining control of key ministries and 25% of parliamentary seats, the military ensured an enduring imbalance of power, despite the civilian government’s best efforts. Coppel’s engagement was largely with the civilian government, as the military remained resistant to diplomacy. Australian programs like English language training for military officers aimed to bridge gaps, but he acknowledges their limited impact. Coppel’s reflections highlight how this lack of meaningful dialogue with the military constrained international efforts to anticipate or mitigate future conflicts, including during and after the 2021 coup. Coppel outlines the difficult balance the international community faces in responding to Myanmar’s post-coup environment. He notes that symbolic gestures like refusing to appoint ambassadors are clear signals of disapproval but do not exert meaningful pressure on the military regime. He warns that some well-intentioned actions, such as corporate withdrawals, have produced perverse outcomes—like increasing the military’s revenue share in sectors such as oil and gas—while simultaneously harming ordinary civilians, such as garment workers losing jobs. Rather than blanket disengagement, he encourages a more thoughtful approach: supporting efforts that sustain the people of Myanmar without empowering the military, including initiatives like exile media, telehealth, and distance education. Technology, according to Coppel, plays a dual role in Myanmar’s crisis. While it enables resistance through fundraising and information sharing, it also facilitates military surveillance and propaganda. Despite these challenges, he remains cautiously optimistic, believing that change will come from the resilience of Myanmar’s people. “I would encourage your listeners to remain engaged with Myanmar. I would hate to think that the country and our attention on it, and our interest in it is diminished because of the actions of a military general,” Coppel urges, emphasizing the importance of global support for the people of Myanmar.

6 Juni 1h 14min

Episode #351: Aurora Chang’s diverse background and upbringing deeply influence her perspective and activism. Born in Taiwan, she spent formative years in South Africa, the United States, Singapore, and the United Kingdom, an international upbringing that provided her with a multifaceted worldview. This exposure also played a role in informing how she views her Taiwanese identity, particularly as she grappled with questions about her country’s sovereignty in light of its complex relationship with China. Her academic focus on history, politics, and economics, coupled with her involvement in movements like the anti-extradition protests in Hong Kong and advocacy for Uyghur and Tibetan rights, shaped her eventual commitment to global justice and solidarity. Aurora’s reflections on Myanmar highlight the darkest aspects of authoritarianism alongside the unyielding resilience of grassroots resistance, emphasizing the scale of oppression in Myanmar following the 2021 military coup. For Aurora, Myanmar’s resistance movement stands as a symbol of both tragedy and inspiration. She notes the organizational strength exhibited by those opposing the military junta, despite operating under extreme duress. The images and accounts of suffering serve as visceral reminders of the stakes involved in such conflicts. At the same time, Aurora reflects on how Myanmar’s movement provides critical insights for activists worldwide, particularly regarding tactical readiness and building resilient communities. "There’s a lot that we can learn from Myanmar’s resistance," she says simply. This global view ties closely to Aurora’s concerns regarding Taiwan’s political landscape. She warns against complacency, drawing parallels between the fragile sovereignty of Taiwan and the relentless encroachment seen elsewhere across Southeast Asia on the part of China. Aurora highlights the value of civil defense and preparedness as lessons she believes Taiwan could take from Burma’s resistance to safeguard its democratic values and sovereignty.“It’s literally, you change one mind at a time, and you thank God for it!” she exclaims, on the long process of activism.. “It’s just like that, and that has to be enough for the time being. It’s a really slow process, but listening is so important, and getting those stories out, amplifying the voices of people who are in these intersections, is really important.”

3 Juni 1h 9min

Episode #350: Dr. Kevin Casas-Zamora, Secretary-General of International IDEA since 2019, speaks on the enduring struggle for democracy in Myanmar, a fight he frames as universally relevant. “At a fundamental level, any country’s struggle for democracy is every country’s struggle for democracy,” he says. He contrasts the brutal 2021 military coup with the more gradual democratic erosion seen globally, highlighting Myanmar’s stark regression. International IDEA, established in 1995, works to strengthen democratic governance worldwide. Casas-Zamora, a lawyer and political scientist with extensive inter-governmental experience, brings expertise to this mission as a lawyer by training, with his research informed by his analysis of Myanmar’s complex political environment. The organization’s engagement in Myanmar shifted from supporting nascent democratic reforms to aiding the pro-democracy movement post-coup. This included providing technical assistance, facilitating dialogues, and advocating for sustained international attention. Casas-Zamora criticizes the international community’s response, citing increased impunity for authoritarian regimes and insufficient support for democratic actors. He urges recognition of legitimate democratic bodies, condemnation of undemocratic elections, and sustained focus on the crisis, warning against legitimizing the junta’s “phony election” bids. He highlights the global trend of democratic decline, documented in IDEA’s reports, and expresses concern over the lack of decisive international action. “Keep an eye on this. Don’t forget about the tragedy of Myanmar,” he urges. The struggle for democracy is rarely a linear progression and often involves navigating periods of significant adversity. Considering this, and despite the formidable challenges and the often-disheartening realities on the ground, Casas-Zamora is encouraged by the resilience of the Myanmar people, particularly its youth. “The youth are simply not willing to roll over and accept the military takeover.” Their commitment to democratic values, even in the face of repression, is a source of inspiration for him and, he believes, sets an example for an increasingly undemocratic world.

1 Juni 35min

Episode #349: Oliver Tanner's journey begins in London, where as a teenager, he became restless and dissatisfied with the status quo. At 19, he traveled through Asia, which first exposed him to the idea of meditation. He first practiced yoga, but a chance encounter led to a Vipassana meditation course in the tradition of S. N. Goenka, which profoundly shifted his perspective. His commitment deepened through sitting and serving at Vipassana centers, notably in the UK, where he immersed himself in long courses and involvement in the meditation community. A turning point came when he decided to explore the Buddha's teachings directly. He traveled to Myanmar, and became inspired by the country’s living Buddhist culture, the people’s generosity, and their integration of Dharma into daily life. So he enrolled at the International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University in Yangon, and dedicated himself to studying Pali, Abhidhamma, and the suttas to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the Buddha's words, and integrate them into his life. His time in Myanmar highlighted the importance of independent practice and the continuous cultivation of wholesome qualities beyond formal sitting meditation. This holistic approach, supported by his studies, expanded his understanding of the Dharma, emphasizing integration into every moment of life. Oliver has since moved to Sri Lanka with his family, pursuing advanced studies in Buddhist philosophy, culminating in a PhD that delved deeply the intricate teachings of the Pattana. His journey, shaped by tradition, practice, and inquiry, reflects a profound evolution from youthful curiosity to a deeply integrated spiritual life.

30 Maj 2h 3min